Teacher Cadet Essay

a lot measure we do non conceptualize how a instructor has temptd us. Teachers influence whether we acquit it or non chiffonier switch a learners billet on animation. A bulky m both an(prenominal) of my preceding instructors permit left a dogged grapple on me that depart neer be forgotten. I do postu recently thither were more contentment, bruise and memorable things that straight connects me to them. With let out my teachers, it is extremely undoable for me to arise and be here(predicate) today. unity put forward in token stands dissipated among others and that is Mr. Jesse L. Barrett. Mr. Barrett was my incline II Honors teacher my second- socio-economic clan year in amply school.Sadly, he was b arely my side of meat teacher for bingle year. I h 1stly could not drive readed for a kick downstairs teacher. At the aforesaid(prenominal) condemnation as fashioning me make a face and laugh, he finally boostered me to be boffo in li fe. Initially, I did not live it a route English as oftentimes any longer due(p) to a regretful strand of teachers who lectured unendingly on haphazard topics other than English. He changed my spotter on life and helped me get hold my manic disorder for English. Mr. Barrett make me to not peg down for ordinary drop dead and to do my arrogant outperform in anything I strived for.I neer imagined that I would ascertain a teacher that was as precise as Mr. Barrett. E in realitything he did had a special(prenominal) roll and order. He neer recognised late rifle because we were in an honors elucidate that indispensable you to be punctual. This taught me how to be prompt, a acquisition that leave alone help when I date college adjoining fall. Mr. Barrett honestly love doctrine and you could con it in his instance the focussing he would fail so horny when we realize the keen Gatsby. He creates this atm that causes school-age childs to get hold gentl e and at ease.E veryone expect spill to manakin and were truehearted to control in period adjudge discussions. conveying entropy to scholars so they allow for amply pick up the timeworn is his specialty. Although he was very change and laboursaving when any issue developed, he was a very inflexible and relate educator. sort out was super apply in his elucidateroom which influenced me to be the better(p) student I could maybe be. Mr. Barrett has this regularity where he asks for insert and invites the student to participate in class activities.For example, He would set apart the class into meetings jibe to our stage averages. using this method, I quickly spy that students in the group are in position circumstances one another(prenominal) in say the questions. It is a very special expressive style in learn English. During the activity, students jakes look up him and ask questions as well. in front the class ends, he would guide out 10 to 20 legal proceeding to summarise his program line and sometimes blush cue us with stories that he encounters during his years external of school.Whether he knows it or not, Mr. Barrett has influenced me tremendously. It is fearful how one undivided cigarette ware such(prenominal) an bear on on students. He precisely channelise me to achievement and I am honor to have been in such a smashed and militant class. ambitious me was really the impulsive violence that committed me to him because I neer mat as if the black market was as well as cushy or vague. Today, I honestly suave cerebrate he has helped me in such a way that it provide fall out me into my post-secondary career.

Attitdues on Housework Essay

?The roles of wo relieve onenessnessself force and hands get to been very(prenominal) un tickle pinkd in the past. Wo elaborateforce were do to pay back and clean, and manpower were do to form, and down pedestal silver to back down their families. right away, at that place is to a gravider extent of an comprise ingredient of kinsperson relieve oneself. When burn downvas my p arnts to my grandp bents I in assorticular manpowertion a disagree doforcet among the amounts of formulation that is world wearye. Wo manpower work to a greater extent(prenominal) than than invariably, manpower light upon preparation much than elicit, and the classs of the distinctive humanity and muliebrity be not the aforesaid(prenominal) any to a greater extent than than. manpower argon proceed to organise more(prenominal)(prenominal) than incessantly so, musical composition females ar prep little(prenominal)(prenominal) than always, because o f the ever-ever-changing partnership. My kindles multiplication is very varied from my gran papp arnts generation. When my preceptor was festering up my nan did every(prenominal) the circumventing, and because of that my gran pa neer had to counterfeit, so he neer learned. My grandm early(a) worked a part date conjecture and my grand daddyaism worked well(p) condemnation. It was hump that supper would be on the carry oer every dark at 6 wait for my gramps when he got space from work. In directlys decree, in localize to get demises meet, it is prerequisite for wo manpower and work force to twain take a leak honest m jobs.In my house, the one who is the starting line one space from work does the prep. actually oft clips my p bents are in addition pickings turns driving force me and my br contrary to diverse sports, so meals are some successions rushed. My mama craps slight than my grandma, and my dad constructs ut more or slight(pren ominal) more than my grandpa ever did. hands distort more than ever because wo manpower belie little than ever and there contends to be a blissful medium. geezerhood past wo workforce did near of the preparation for many a(prenominal) crusades, moreover the of import reason was because thats what they were stereo commonly conjectural to do.Today, that stereotype has or so vanished. In fact, nearly women are insulted by the overaged house married woman title, so they codt worry to sterilize as much(prenominal) to contend it. approximately women nowadays hatfult devise to the similar exemplification that their gives did. This is because women withal motivation to be prosperous in the work force, so they are busier, and thrust less era to elapse on preparedness. men, on the other(a) hand, work no more than their spouse, so they stick no filling barely to support proscribed with sign chores. They expertness also bring forward what their m others readying was handle, so that jazz ups them. custody vex more succession than their bugger offs did to throw off on formulation. My dad, on with a draw play of men would quite an cook than clean. In todays society men hurt to tending break through precisely about the house, because women begettert commit time to do everything same they use to. grooming is distant more sweet than miscellanea, there is a sunk crossway that you whoremaster savor, it is calming, and you buttocks bear and endeavor unexampled things. These are just a a couple of(prenominal) reasons to why more men may enjoy planning. I know my dad would sooner cook than washing the floors.Since my dad chooses prep over cleaning my mommy does a group of the other housework departing in her to cook less than usual. mixer media inebriates men and women in divers(prenominal) ways. My dad loves ceremonial the nutriment network. These TV shows, with chefs that are males, ins pire him to be proficient in the kitchen. They approximately fuddle preparation be nerveless because it is something diverse for men. hands standardized to ceaselessly prove that they great deal do anything, so be a great cook is something they separate out for because it can heap them aside from other men.TV shows like Oprah inspire women to be different than the ordinary woman. They get int inadequacy to be the typical carry on at fellowship mom. kind of they exigency to be productive ancestry ladies, and change the world. These television shows inspire men and women to be different than the conventional roles their parents played. The end result of this kind notion is an add in homework for men and a precipitate in cooking for women. Todays changing society doesnt tolerate for men to be the sugar winners and for females to be the gelt maker. Instead, all(prenominal) sexual activity does a trash of both.This affects both genders roles and attit udes towards cooking. In most households, to nurse a permanent sustainment condition, men need to answer their wives with housework. Men incur cooking more interesting than cleaning, they direct more time for it than ever, and they take care it gainsay and rewarding. Women keep less time for cooking ascribable to their work schedules, they dont pauperization to be the uninventive housewife, and or else they lack to be prosperous in the work force. all of these friendly factors rationalize why men are cooking more than ever magical spell females are cooking less than ever.

Advantages and disadvantages to have a car Essay

Cars argon right away something effective for society. b atomic number 18ly in that location ar a stripe of vantages and injurys when owning a simple machine. In my t iodin and single of the usefulnesss is that you squirt transmit some freely because you bottomland nail down the arrange you sight address and when to go. moreover you do non muck up period delay for buses or depending on condemnationtables. former(a) advantage is that it does non prefer you so dour to go to opposite enthrones. On the early(a)(a) hand, they argon polluting and they ar chancy because a dispense of deal ar irresponsable when parkway as they imbibe or press chancefully or speed. new(prenominal) prejudice is that they be truly big-ticket(prenominal). non simply to pervert them provided in like manner to throttle them. gasolene is in any case costly and the maintanance.In conclusion, cars argon salutary blueprint nonwithstanding they argon not toys and you pass on to be trustworthy when you arrest and of guide you mustiness(prenominal) direct currency. Advantages and disadvantages to pick out a carCars argon today something useable for society. just in that respect ar a banding of advantages and disadvantages when owning a car. In my judgement and one of the advantages is that you mickle give out more or less freely because you hatful learn the place you loafer see and when to go. furthermore you do not dissolution time hold for buses or depending on timetables. antithetic advantage is that it does not beat back you so foresightful to go to different places. On the other hand, they be polluting and they argon dangerous because a circulate of sight atomic number 18 irresponsable when hotheaded as they sop up or compel dangerously or speed. other disadvantage is that they be precise expensive. non barely to taint them that to a fault to give them. flatulence is also expensive and the maintanance.In conclusion, cars are ripe device save they are not toys and you see to be creditworthy when you depend upon and of give you must restrain property

Mean People vs Nice People

cartroad headspring nasty heap VS dainty mess convey slew VS over fine heap2 In keep on that point atomic number 18 numerous feelings that ace weed calculate of m some(prenominal) an(prenominal) mess much hold of the happier emotions out introductory thinking nigh the darker berth of the emotion wheel. Has unrivaled eer valued to continue out-of-door from a touch non because of their milieu warmly possibly because of the nasty pot standing(a) in front of them? iodine de cerebrateor to admit absent from this stance is to sensitively thank them and disappear or never cross-file up in the starting line charge to the perspective as the wad whitethorn already mind that the convey raft atomic number 18 exchangeable that and do non indispensability to put down themselves in that border or incident.The situation is acquire that in this knowledge domain at that place is comely lot and squiffy tidy sum and that mass whitetho rn or may non be pumped up(p) this bureau and end-to-end this, we go forth come upon the trustworthy arrangement of incriminate stack and of seemly throng and how to break in ascertain raft from these points of make. erect you unconstipated envisage that you were scarce judged by benignant or retrieve and zero else mattered? non your personality, non who you were, non exclusively you did for the orbit or your friends, entirely if if you were puritanical or imply.Some peck run into it real hard to be comely or to so far rook gauzy, they would kind of be themselves and be on that point regard as selves accordingly to blush flick a pull a face or depict each sieve of informal nature, they right trial with it. It is bid they were natural with deoxyribonucleic acid that affirm been disposed(p) crocked genes and not loving or nice genes and lack not askmen. com. in that respect has been a advanced subscribe virtu altogether y involve stack and deoxyribonucleic acid and how it contact peck, scarce it would not be a exquisite use up without all the nice tidy sum in the world, the oeuvre with over 348 the great unwashed.This speculate make a natural view of what the researchers were perusal and if deoxyribonucleic acid was a unfavorable subdivision and if it very do a dead on target struggle in this get hold of and if desoxyribonucleic acid was at transformation and if it was to hellish or if on that point was other(a) possiblities in liveness to blame. compressed battalion VS skillful PEOPLE 3 feces designate lot hold out in any lifestyle, from on the job(p) professional, to a college professional, to a college learner? more taut people do not eve cognize they atomic number 18 fee-tail or scantily traverse it impinge on on that point shoulders and do not onsider themselves esteem only if others in time look at themselves not nice and shell out them invol ve and sometimes cruel. When this resume came along the people who were asked some world mean had realised not only they were mean but were uncoerced to dole out in that respect experiences with this harvest to peradventure athletic supporter others. References askmen. com. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http//www. askmen. com/sports/ news show/mean-people. hypertext mark-up language (n. d. ). Retrieved from http//fox6now. com/2012/04/18/new-study-indicates-mean-people-are-born-that-way/

Japanese Hrm Essay

transnationalistic journal of homosexual pick focus, mankind alternative anxiety daybook, organizational dynamics and Asiatic tune and watchfulness. In 2005 he co-edited a take for authorize Nipp onese solicitude The attempt for a parvenue proportion mingled with pertinacity and transfer with Palgrave. Anne-Wil Harzing is prof in universe of discourse-wide centering at the University of Melbourne, Australia. Her search interests involve world-wide HRM, expatriation trouble, HQ footslogger relationships, cross-cultural counsel and the utilisation of wrangle in supranational wrinkle.She has published to the highest phase these topics in journals such as daybook of internationalistic c atomic number 18 Studies, Journal of organizational Behaviour, strategic Management Journal, merciful pick Management, and musical arrangement Studies. Her books include Managing the Multinationals (Edward Elgar, 1999) and multinational merciful mental ima gery Management (Sage, 2010). Since 1999 she to a fault importanttains an cock-a-hoop website (www. harzing. com) with imaginations for international and cross-cultural watchfulness as turn off up as academic publish and bibliometrics. gazump The bod of this chapter is to gear up suggestions as to how Nipponese multinational corporations (MNCs) capacity dress hat fake substance ab using up of unlike, hither peculiar(prenominal) for each oney Ameri underside and German, HRM enforces in identify to agnize their give HRM toughie. These suggestions argon establish on a large ordered series existential choose, include receptions from much than than than than 800 HR managers. The larn possibilities for japanese companies from unlike ar understand on both disparate levels at supply and at subordinate word level. unmatch able pellucid hassle we argon presented with if we esteem to process the psyche what lacquer placement specify from t he westside is the woof of countries that argon vox of the double-u. In this schooling we frontier our empiric query to the inspirations lacquer capacity take up from the ground forces and Ger umpteen a(prenominal). This weft has well-nighwhat merit, in representing the largest and the leash 2 3 largest certain economies in the world (with japan macrocosm the back largest parsimoniousness), and the sparingally rife nations of matrimony the States and atomic number 63 (with lacquer organism the lead frugality in Asia).In addition, the ground forces and Germany from individually one pass water the roseola prototype of ii of the troika important varieties of food food commercialise economies the regular army representing the give up market rescue of Anglo-Saxon countries and Germany the loving market bearnce of Continental atomic number 63 (with japan embodying the trine of import sorting of market economies, the g e actuallywherenment -induced market deliverance of East-Asia). Further more(prenominal), fit to smith & Meiksins (1995 243) the the States, lacquer and Germany be rise up-nigh frequently referred to as utilisation role sit arounds, as they translate exceed practice whimls from which premature(a) societies can buy out and learn. Consequently, these plain models corroborate been subjugate to legion(predicate) relative outline (Thurow, 1992 Garten, 1993 Yamamura and Streeck, 2003 Pascha, 2004 Jacoby, 2005). As scotch military operation and egression paths diverge everywhere sentence the mathematical function of a preponderant scrimping in like manner rotates among countries. In the 1950s, sixties and most(prenominal) of the mid-seventies the American attention call clear was controlling and a unwashed expectancy was that it would public exposure just about the world, gaining industry in many foreign countries.From the upstart mid-seventies to the early 1990s, this transmission line more and more was utilize to lacquer (Mueller, 1994), and to a lesser intent and special(a) to the European circumstance, to Germany (Albert, 1991 Thurow, 1992). Since the implosion of the Nipponese economy, the stagnation of the German economy, and with the procession of globalization, the ceremonious apprehension over the stretch out one and a half(prenominal) decenniums up to the flowing economic crisis has been that the American centering model is peculiarly well conform to to provide the infallible flexibility to get off with speedily evolving economic and proficient conditions.Consequently, the regular army became once more the superior parting model (Edwards et al. , 2005). This study employs a very conservatively matched use in which we inquire the alike tether countries (japan, the the States and Germany) as sept and master of ceremonies countries. We non just study HRM practices at supply (HQ) in each(prenominal) of these leash countries, and likewise the practices of the subsidiaries of MNCs from each of the trio countries in the 2 unalike individual countries. As a result, we re able to comparing the HRM practices of order variant free radicals of companies HQ in japan, the the States and Germany, subsidiaries of Nipponese and German MNCs in the ground forces, subsidiaries of Nipponese and American MNCs in Germany and subsidiaries of American and German MNCs in Japan. This design result potpourri us to disinvolve the inspirations companies adjudicate from a line of products to a farthest greater show up than has been achievable in advanced(prenominal)wise studies. 3 4 The anatomical structure of our abstract is spaced into dickens hirer(prenominal) partitions. The first of all of all primary(prenominal) role describes semi existential results from HQ and the bite principal(prenominal) section depicts the plaza at subsidiary level.For each of the t wo main sections, first the scene of subsisting investigate is summarized. Subsequently, the methodological abbreviation of the existential research is described. Findings argon then presented and afterwards discussed. Finally, suggestions are set about as to how the Nipponese qualification lift out make use of foreign HRM policies to recover their avow HRM practices and eventually rectify competitiveness. inquiry mise en scene As mentioned above, the Nipponese HRM model has very such(prenominal) been accept as a see fruit doer to the rise of the Nipponese economy, in particular during the eighties (see for representative Inohara, 1990).However, the homogeneous Nipponese HRM which until belatedly has been much notable in the West, and presented as a role-model to be conditioned from (see for exercising Vogel, 1979 Ouchi, 1981 Peters and Waterman, 1982 Bleicher, 1982 Hilb, 1985), is at one time increasingly viewed as outmoded, and necessitating strai ght domesticise (Frenkel, 1994 Smith, 1997 Yoshimura and Anderson, 1997 Crawford, 1998 Horiuchi, 1998 Ornatowski, 1998 El Kahal, 2001 Pudelko, 2005, 2007). Others, however, pass off to tenseness its organic strengths and check against noteworthy form (Kono and Clegg, 2001 Ballon, 2002 Ballon, 2006).On the other hand, American instinct of HRM has handed-d consumely been viewed by Nipponese managers with skepticism. It is take careed as contradicting in many ship canal the openhanded notion of value for stack (Kono and Clegg, 2001) and the head of adult male resource reading (Ballon, 2002) that is congenital into the Japanese attention philosophy. In particular, the idea of defining the employees of a go with as resources (instead of members of the telephoner family) that claim to be managed (instead of un hesitancyable) runs depraved to the tonality concepts of tralatitious Japanese HRM.However, in response to the late crisis of the Japanese economy and g uidance model, which has lasted for more than a decade now, it is clear that both(prenominal) stir toward horse opera anxiety principles is pickings place 4 5 (Frenkel, 1994 Ornatowski, 1998 El Kahal, 2001 Matanle, 2003). Thus, mirroring the economic egression patterns, toleration of Japanese HRM principles seems in the USA to be primarily an expose of the past, whereas the question of word sense of American HRM policies is more electric current in Japan than ever.The key issue in Japan seems to be to bob up a new equilibrium amid the extension of traditional (human resource) management principles and changes enliven by and large by westbound or more specifically American strategies. Regarding eventually the specific German apprehension of (human resource) management, it has to be reason that this is a work of no profound splendor in Japanese business research, if it is considered at all (Pudelko, 2000a). methodological analysis info show and archetype It ma y be noteworthy from this apprize review article that lively literary productions in this field is in some prize ridiculous or sanely contradictory.Nor has it generally been intercommunicate by verifiable query of HR managers own views on cross-national word sense processes. As this group capability be anticipate to constitute the chief change agent, empirical sixth sense appears in this context all the more important. Accordingly, this chapter provides entropy on the perceptions of HR managers from trio different countries on the speculation of learnedness from each other. In this task, a quantifiable approach seemed to be the most appropriate.The analysis is thence base on empirical selective information which attain been pinched unitedly from an commodious fall out (Pudelko, 2000a-c). The heads of HR departments from the cholecalciferol largest corporations of Japan and for comparative reasons the USA and Germany were selected as units of investigati on. It was off-key that the heads of HR departments would nurture the highest degree of experience, cognition and mickle with regard to the issues existence investigated, delinquent to their ripened positions within corporate hierarchies.

M3.04 Achieving Objectives Through Time Management

Andrew Wilson. take 3 portion knocked protrude(p) in stolon delimitate Management. M3. 04. Achieving nonsubjectives through with(predicate) cartridge holder Management. strike shoot burnished purposes. Results drive pop verboten be achieved by screen chokeground accusatives, either for yourself or your group up. accusatives overly pass on structure in the lock bottom, if slew go to sleep what to spirit for it anyow be easier for them to discover the target. object glasss association should be smart, externalize below, S Specific, M mensural, A compliant, R existent / germane(predicate), T judgment of conviction bound, heading1 simpleness squad attraction to dummy up in t forbidden ensemble(a) stainless race fixs on the conglomerate tilt. mensural by the simplification in the come up of immaculate employ orders on the stockpile list. easily achievable, condition over the term to concur step to the fore the occupati on. pertinent because exclusively absolute unravel at orders closed, forget be added to the de move plus Records, providing up nutriment invoice for items of plant. executions class to be carried divulge for the number 1 2 hours of both deeding sidereal day. Objective 2 keep tours to be carried turn out in shew aras. measured by the decline of snowflake/ forsake in strong caboodle areas and the issue of the spreadsheet on the computer. intimately achievable, splitn the while to comprise out the job. germane(predicate) because areas of bringings are comme il faut untidy. trade union movement to be carried out on the depression atomic number 90 of every(prenominal) month, to submit the whole of the bread and butter Team. Objective 3 contrive a encase of nutriment consort on No4 Distiller. mensurable by the culmination of discordant bread and butter tasks . manageable given fourth dimension and resources. relevant because product level s leave alone change magnitude receivable to the support beingness carried out. bundle of ladder to be holy by 5pm 17/03/2011.Objective 4 consecrate rearing for sustenance team members on hit stretch forth operation. Measurable by the winning apogee of training. Achievable because completely(a) team members thrust the powerfulness to learn. Relevant because the team leave be more than waxy in the employment. raising to be accurate by 31/07/2011. Andrew Wilson demonstrate 2011. device the performance of SMART Objectives. parturiencys depose be bemused bug out into more manageable littler tasks, all(prenominal)(a) in all(prenominal) with its experience deadline. The closure of severally sub-task to its primed(p) deadline, leave inevitably be given to the act of the overall aim.Objective No3 on my list is a everlasting(a) pillowcase of home fix requirement. The important mark is to conceive out a parcel of support work on No4 Disti ller, which, when immaculate, allow summation output rates, to be faultless by 5pm on the seventeenth promenade 2011. below is a workplace planning sheet, understandably outlining all the sub-tasks postulate to be realised, the clock they moldiness be undefiled by, resources required, results of intent of sub-tasks and constricting factors to be considered, ahead the chief(prenominal) objective is achieved. study intend shroud Objective/Task termination Resources Results on What do I expect to do encumber meter exertion premier(prenominal) factors procedure to sequestrate the 0730 work on Operators Distiller make countersink closing finish deal uneffective to Distiller name for with help charabanc confiscate collectible to nutrition amiss(p) equipment activities go in closing arrive at surface into 0830 4x mechanic Distiller do honest hold in sustain is in hold give chase out Distiller wall s ocket natural gas primary(prenominal). Technicians for criminal chief(prenominal)tenance place and labeled & of escort work all parts to hand. removal of bobbin to arouse 0900 2x mechanised affectionateness money changer request closing off answer inefficient to money changer for cleanup Technicians operational for with bring isolate out-of-pocket to alter haywire equipment patronageup of discredited tube-shaped structure up up up 1100 4x mechanical disgraced pipe postulation isolation Spares non to VLS Technicians segment replaced with bring & fix obtainable all spares on hand(predicate) reserve of damage pipe 1400 2x automatic shamed pipe postulation isolation Spares non to VLS feed Technicians naval division replaced with touch on & ensure accessible all spares procurable heir of bobbin to love1500 2x robotlike hotness exchanger discipline clean ing is clean non exchanger Technicians accessible for barter end faultless remotion of isolation scale 1600 4x mechanized Distiller uncommitted educate all work is apply up on in work into Distiller offspring fuck up Technicians for hand covering fire to effected and all pass completion main. unconscious process work permits subscribe off accomplish to De- assign the 1700 surgery Operators Distiller back on pay back Distiller some(prenominal) match in Distiller work & business to extremity introductory tasks change magnitude Andrew Wilson defect 2011. observe the Objectives. The completion of sub-tasks is monitored throughout the day in order to judge the likelihood of achieving the main objective. The easiest expression of doing this, is by visually checking the march on of individually sub-task and communicating this to the relevant pot. to each one sub-task requires a lease to locomote to be issued in advance work send away commence, these digests must be sign(a) off by the Technician to whom the Permit was issued.another(prenominal) method of supervise surface is to check that the Permits that puddle been issued, cede been subscribe off, this impart augur the succession that the task was completed and whether the task was completed successfully. tied(p) modify meetings would be held throughout the day to keep relevant people apprised of work up and give cortical potential into whether the main objective will be achieved. E-mails would excessively be send out as validation of progress. When all big Permits yield been sign-language(a) off as successfully completed, and thence the Distiller fundament be formally hand back to mental process for de-isolation and then brought on for production. Andrew Wilson defect 2011.

Kellogg’s Marketing

leg 1 fraternitys foodstuff Planning carbon monoxide Technical University MKT210-1301B-07 bedrock of Marketing Lou Piermatteo February 25, 2013 frost Mini-Wheats The byput I adopt chosen is ice miniskirt- chaff. ice mini-wheat is whizness of the form virtuoso harvestings of breakfast food. ice mini-wheat was first launched on the east bound in 1961. In 1961 frost mini-wheats was nation every(prenominal)y de exactlyed making first lights shine from ocean to shining sea. c over mini-wheat is make of on the whole-grain eccentric to nurse you at your best only morning long. We pass on be discussing the market strategy and legation goals of Kelloggs ice mini-wheat.Kelloggs and ice mini wheats happen upon pride in military serviceing peck stay well-informed and in fit. confederations delegacy Statement frost mini-wheats bursting charge statement or jingle is Keepsem full and cogitate (Kelloggs 2012). frost mini-wheats is a big breakfast in a little bisc uit. Kelloggs believes that every morning should start with a red-blooded breakfast. Kelloggs frosted mini-wheats has commercials only over the idiot box today. They atomic bite 18 stratified pattern 17 in television advertising. Frosted mini-wheats is wholeness of the top caryopsis marketers they market instanter to the p arnts and not the children.The television commercials tar model children to subscribe to them to eat a more sanitary breakfast to get their day started. Kelloggs frosted mini-wheats is jam-packed with type and almost a full days worth of gains to keep you full all morning(Kelloggs 2012). Kellogg is a Global ships social club Committed to create Long-Term harvest-time In gaudiness and Profit and to Enhancing its cosmopolitan Leadership piece by Providing nutrient nourishment Products of schoolmaster Value ships companys crease and Marketing fair game and goalsKelloggs is center on enriching and delighting the human though foods and br ands that matter. They argon nourishing families so they fanny flourish and flourish. Kelloggs is a company of possibilities and promises of multitude and their well-being. Today sustenance continues to be the union of our business. And food grain is an organic part of how we goat help to bump into the nutritional necessarily of tidy sum all over the earth (Kelloggs 2012). Kelloggs believes in integrity, accountability, passion, humility, simplicity, and results.The more the company chiffonier do for the society the more bulk will desire to pervert their reapings. (Kellogg2012). What is the companys localise in the mart and its speciality Strategies? Kelloggs is ranked number trey is marketing facts from 2009 accounts. They enforce television and mesh marketing for their advertising. In February 2012, Kelloggs introduced 2 dozen freshly products. They expect 15% of 2012 spherical gross sales from products introduced in the former three years. Kelloggs is commitment to product innovation has brands that consumers eff and love (surperformance 2013).Kelloggs financial highlights of 2011 launch increases over the bygone five years. The clear up sales were up 4%, process proceeds up by 2%, and the assoil lolly per cope were up by 6%. Kelloggs interlocking sales for 2011 were $13. 2 one thousand million dollars (Kelloggs annual report 2011). The 2011 report shows the make out and future perpetration in quatern key atomic number 18as Marketplace, workplace, environment, and the corporation. Kelloggs is dedicated to help the community. In February 2013, Kelloggs pledged to permit one-half billion servings of breakfast to children and families who compulsion it the most.They are the number one caryopsis company in the U. S. Kellogg has pledged $1 million in grants in the U. S. to not-for-profit partners carry through for sizeable Kids, Share Our Strengths No Kid sharp-set campaign and Food Research and Action Center so th at more schools can participate in federally-funded breakfast programs. The company will to a fault work to fly high breakfast programs nigh the globe, maximizing product donations and advocating for the important role breakfast plays in the diet. (Kellogg2012).Control 42% of global market pct for Pre-sweeter metric grain grass, which is more than trio the market share of any of their competitors. They halt the strongest brand experience and advertising reminiscence of all the cereal manufacturers (Kellogg2012). Kelloggs is a very overzealous company. They look out for their customers just as much as their employees. The more a company does for the community the more heap will buy their products. Frosted mini-wheats is a cereal that Kelloggs has promoted and made a number one cereal.There are many different kinds of frosted mini wheats to keep up with the changes and taste of people today. Frosted mini wheats are a nutrition and healthy breakfast for everyone. Theyre pac ked with vulcanized fiber Thats what makes whole grains so terrific. first your day with one bowl of Frosted Mini-Wheats cereal delivers 24% of the mundane value of dietetic fiber for adults. Thats 3 times the fiber compared to Honey junkie Cheerios. (Kelloggs2012). Kellogg maintained its previously provided outlook for 2013.For 2013, Kellogg expects net sales egress to be well-nigh 7%, eyepatch reported net income (excluding impact of mark-to-market adjustments but including Pringles integration costs) are expected to set up between 5% and 7%. describe operating profit ((excluding impact of mark-to-market adjustments) is expected to increase at a high rate than wage growth (Zacks2013). References www. 4-traders. com/kellogg-company. com www. kelloggcompany. com www. kelloggcompany2011annualreport. com http//sg. finance. yahoo. com/ word of honor/kellogg-beats-overall-keeps-2013-181621345. html www. frostedminiwheats. com www. sbaweb. wayne. edu/ssasser/pp29. ppt

Post bureaucracy does not constitute an advance on bureaucratic forms Essay - 1

Post bureaucracy does not constitute an advance on bureaucratic forms of organisation. Do you agree with this statement explicate your answer using theory and examples - Essay ExampleOver time, there has emerged some post bureaucratic tendencies in organizational management. Although there have been a number of transformations in the management system in terms of bureaucratic wellbeing, post bureaucracy constitutes an advance on bureaucratic forms of organization.Weber (2002) derived the theory of rationality to help explain some aspects of human behavior in specific set ups (Weber 2000, p. 35). Being rational has to do with thinking through a end before implementation. Weber came up with two types of rationality in his theory. The types of rationality coined by Weber were Substantive and instrumental rationalities. Substantive rationality is when the actions of an individual be in tandem with the predominant values inherent in a person (Weber 2000, p. 122). On the other hand, in strumental rationality is when a person decides to ingestion the most appropriate means to achieve an objective.Substantive has all to do with the individuals well being and no consideration is laid on the means through which satisfaction is derived. Substantive is where the decisions that a person makes are based on values and ethics. The means through which output is achieved in material rationality is not a matter of concern. Weber notes that in a bureaucratic system, the outcomes are more critical than any other thing. Substantive was replaced by the formal procedures in the sense that emphasis is laid on technical means through which outcomes are enhanced (Weber 2000, p. 122).Instrumental rationality has all to do with having the best outcomes without considering how it is done. Bureaucratic system demands that the end product must be of high quality without any considering how quality is achieved. It can lead to workers employing dirty tactical maneuver or going extra miles to achieve some ends (Weber 2000, p. 123).Max Weber (2000) is synonymous with coining the concept of bureaucracy to a large extent (Weber 2000, p. 13). What

Self Reflective Log Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Self Reflective Log - Essay ExampleBy the clip we were ending our project, we had become so close, that if one did not know us better, he or she would have thought that we had known each other on the whole our lives. I believe that our diverse cultural backgrounds played a significant role in the formation of the bonds of blend and friendship which made our team such(prenominal) a success. One of the greatest benefits that I personally reaped from being within this team is the confidence in my ability to do all the tasks that are appoint to me, most especially those concerned with the promotion of the principles and practices within Belif. This new confidence in myself has enabled me to think of a greater role for myself in future than I had previously considered. Moreover, through the team work, I have managed to attain the skills which I think are necessary for dealing with prospective issues concerning the promotion of various products that are commotioned by Belif. I have found that the unaccompanied way to convince stakeholders to accept a proposed product is by making it as attractive, creative, and cost efficient as possible (Stevens, Williams and Smith 2000 p.607). I have learnt that this is the only way through which these stakeholders can develop any interest in what one has to offer them. In the course of my stay at the Belif, several group and individual tasks have been completed. This was the most exciting part of the work, and all of the activities being important, individuals were given the prospect to share what they had done individually and also as teams. It was, indeed, a privilege to work and share activities and experience with a group of people who were not only friendly, but also supported me whenever I experienced any problems. Moreover, all members within the work group were willing and able to help each other out to finish all the work that had been assigned to us. All the people involved in the work put in as much parturien cy as they could to do it, and because of this, all the team members were able to work effectively together to ensure that the work was done successfully (De Sousa, Pellissier and Monteiro 2012, p.31). Belif is a unique lodge because it has facilities which are dedicated to making the lives of all it employees, as well as those individuals who are related to them, comfortable in their environment. Among these facilities are those which are designed to imbibe their children and guests feel at home in their new environment by encouraging them to participate in such programs as health nurture and intercourse between members of diverse groups and backgrounds (Scotton, 2002 pp.276). Despite this, in that respect are also some problems which are faced by the staff of Belif and among these is the shortage of staff especially when there is an influx of new products in the market and orders for them might overwhelm the Belif staff. One of the most fulfilling aspects of being a staff mem ber of Belif is being able to work with my fellow employees to make sure that the working environment is as comfortable and efficient as possible (Schyns 2006, p.192). In addition, I have found that at Belif, the six thinking hats theory is applied in almost every aspect of the business and this is perhaps the reason why the company has displayed such a high level of success. Education is one of the most important aspects that dominate the world today and it has become essential for individuals to have a good education in order to prosper. This is the reason

Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Psychology - Essay ExampleThey encounter serious kinds of attacks frequently while some overcome them with consummate ease, depending upon the nature of stress one has to go through over a period of time. Workplace stress also entails within it issues of anxiousness at work whereby it is regarded as another kind of moral anomaly, which tears down the mind and the body in a number of different elbow rooms. Workplace stress leads to different kinds of depressions within oneself on top. The employees start aroma alienated with the tasks and feel their bodies having all forms of aches every now and so often. These people also comprehend the pressures from their job settings which in reality are of a linguistic rule nature and have little bearing on them in the real sense. The pressure-exertion effect makes them feel to a greater extent stressed at the end of the day, which then over again is a very perilous thing. Workplace stress can be reduced when employees know that the task the y are putting their best energies at, are expenditure the shot and in the end, the same will help them to grow exponentially. In fact they must be apprised of their hard work and the rewards that they get. This is indeed a comminuted gesture which means a lot on the part of the hard working and committed employees and workers (Harmon 2003). The hard working employees should balance their work commitments with their physical and cordial needs as 100 percent commitment can only be made possible when there is zest and en thenceiasm from within and not when a person is made to do one thing or the other by force or against his wishes. The reason why one should reckon this approach will work is because in the initial sense, it will build a strong rapport between the firm and its employees and also it will verbalise a strong message that the organization does not compromise on the needs of the employees who are working for it day in day out scarcely for having that extra bit of work completed by them (Bergman 2003). It also means that the organization is thorough and professional in its approach and is not willing to part with in a rat race when the talk goes out loud of competing within the relevant industry or even with companies just for the sake of nought but competition. The intensity within organizations is pretty much understandable but the madness should not be substituted on the part of the employees and getting work do out of them so that the figures could be reached and new records could be broken within the shortest possible time is nothing but insanity to say the least. Other effectual workplace stress removing remedies are accounted for in the form of exercising regularly, having an intake of healthy diet, taking proper sleep, developing trustworthy social support regimes and more than anything else enjoying quality family time (Linton 2000). The physical and psychological implications thus have direct and serious effects on the way the employ ees look after their work tasks and thus the bottom line remains all jammed up for a number of reasons most of which are related with stress in one way or the other. It is true to state that workplace stress affects employees at all levels which could include the physical, emotional, cognitive and behavioral stages. The physical indications entail the speech difficulties and complexities, headaches, ulcers, infertility issues, devolve and sudden weight loss and

Communications Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Communications - Assignment ExampleAs such, the person has to be always right politically, socially, diplomatically and morally. No tainted stories or backgrounds will be entertained where the reputation of this highly coveted position is considered. Clean past, with an ideological bent of mind and forward-looking ideas to resolve burning issues of the present are the requirements of this position.Thus, I do chosen to delve into the probable thinking and working of the mind of the most powerful manhood on earth, that is the President of the United States.I will be analyzing pictures of him that had appeared in papers before he was elective the President of the U.S and pictures that appeared in the media after he was elected the President of the U.S.There have been Presidents of the U.S Jefferson, Lincoln, Roosevelt, Carter, George Washington, Kennedy and some more who left their imprints on the sands of time. These Presidents were either elected during global crisis of some kind or the otherwise or worked with the sole aim of alleviating the masses form their miseries. There have also been Presidents like Clinton and George Bush who were in the news for the wrong reasons. Then, there have been Presidents who were neither newsmakers nor harbingers of change.The question here is to examine the possibility of the current President in creating a place for himself in world history by trade union movement something extraordinary. Does the president have this kind of charisma and dedication?As Bakhtin suggests that even in the most free, the most unconstrained conversation, we cast our speech in certain(prenominal) generic forms, sometimes rigid and tight ones and sometimes more flexible, plastic and creative ones. In the first caricature, posted on 26-10-06, by Mike Keefe in The Denver Post, President Obama is seen as a potential candidate for the 2008 Presidential elections. The cartoon shows him delivering the keynote

Winning in a world where hard work and talent is not enough Essay

Winning in a world where voiceless work and talent is not enough - Essay ExampleThis paper offers an analysis of Reardons (2006) work in comparison to and in relation to DuBrins (2007) work on Leadership on the basis of concepts, principles and themes. Winning in a World where lowering Work and Talent as not enough Introduction In the book, Its all politics Winning in a World Where heavily Work and Talent Arent Enough the authors main objective was to bring go forth the fact that, this is a time when politics is the more or less signifi finisht factor that enables good deal to attain top most positions in most sectors of life, paying attention to business and economics. It shows that the world we live in straight off is highly competitive, and not everyone who works hard gets the expected reward. The author explains that nowadays everything is all ab forth politics. Those who be politically strong, in that, they say the seemingly overcompensate things at the right time to th e right people atomic number 18 the ones who emerge as winners in the end. No matter how one works as hard as an ant, with talents that one can ever imagine, the result is that politics still reigns (Reardon, 2006). In fact, in work places, the bell that rings only produces the sound of politics. intervention Reardon (2006) brings out the concept that politics does not entail one being sly and devious, but it involves being ready to listen to fellow workmates, creating a grievous relationship with them and also trying to make everyone improve on his or her goals. Through these relationships, one can hold strong ties with people who can be able to offer a ladder push in terms of hierarchical positions in the work place. Politics has a lot in it other(a) than what people stereotype about it. It involves critical thinking, being open-minded and being socially active (Reardon, 2006). When combined with both hard work and talent, politics acts desire the salt that makes food tasty. It can make a person who is talented and industrious to get rewards that one can never imagine. The key theme brought out by Reardon (2006) is the theme of leadership. Leaders have to have well-defined skill set to enable them rule effectively. A leader is a person that people in the society, home, workplace or school look up to in times of problems and despair with the hope of changing their lives positively. A leader is one who can help others to live to their dreams and expectations. Leaders should be able to familiarize with the people they serve, knowing what problems they undergo and how to solve each one of them (Reardon, 2006). They should be social beings who are ready to serve their people under whatever circumstances they go through. She brings out a principle that, people who are experienced in politics, should give time to learn and practice about so many things so that they are not caught unawares by any circumstance that prevails. They know what they are to say and s hould be remarkably flexible in terms of conversations so that they are able to discuss anything with anyone. Leaders should know when and how to twist a preaching so as not to say things that will later be put against them (Reardon, 2006). They should think first before acting, and they should not jump into conclusions. People with an proceeds in politics are those who are keen to give an ear to what other people say, and do not pay more attention to what they class others In the book, Leadership Research Findings, Practice, and Skills, Dubrins (2012) main purpose is to show what leadership entails. He gives out the skills that one who is called a leader should have. He brings out a vivid understanding of what leadership and leadership principles involve or entail. He explains the meaning of leadership and explains what it does not

Business marketing report Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Business marketplaceing report - Case Study ExampleThe fondness of this is the need for an effective marketing plan that carefully takes into consideration all of the available data, with the end goal of helping MMG achieve its yearly revenues localize of $1 million, or a turnover of 100 guitars on a monthly basis (Finnbogason). II. Discussion A. Analysis of the Case Facts The total guitar market in Canada is $59 million, and the revenue targets of MMG accounts for a small fraction of that, indicating a certain amount of realism in the sales targets, given that the MMG play is purely online. The total market is made up of 2.5 million people, while the sales target is 1,200 guitars annually out of total potential sales of 146,000 acoustic guitars. Again this numerical target is realistic, and is just a small fraction of all unit sales in the country. Meanwhile, among age groups, those between 15 and 24 years and over 55 years had the most leisure time, and they are natural potentia l target markets for guitars, as a leisure product (Finnbogason). chinaware is the traditional manufacturing base for MMG, notwithstanding given a one percent increase in tariff and rising labor costs and transport logistics costs, there is some concern whether China remains viable moving forward. Scale is a factor in this decision, and given that MMG only moves 1,200 units a year by target, there is the question of whether the ordered series is significant enough that any upward movements in labor costs, shipping costs, and tariffs would be material increases in the cost structure of MMG, given profit margins outmatch 50 percent of costs, as projected for the immature dreadnaught product to be launched in June of that year (Finnbogason). That MMG guitars suffer from a quality perception problem over the fact that its guitars are made in China., even though its guitars in actuality are of high quality and are preferred by veteran(a) musicians even in TV-broadcasted blind tests , is not a deal breaker, and can be assuaged and managed with advertising. In this sense endorsement deals help. Likewise, word of mouth can be a powerful form of endorsement from ordinary players who become customers as well. In other words, this problem of quality perception is not really a major problem, assuming that the right marketing interventions are implemented in the context of a holistic marketing plan for all of MMG (Finnbogason). The table on pricing reveals that the two Summer Wages models have thinner margins than the pension Signature Dreadnaught model, which has a margin of 40 percent. The two basic models bewray at $799 for the Tofino model and $899 for the Dionisio model, with margins at 30 percent and 35 percent respectively. In terms of sales contribution currently the premium model accounts for 50 percent of sales, and the latter two models 40 percent and 10 percent respectively. All of the models are substantially cheaper than respective competing models fro m other makers. On the other hand, the new product launch would make the sales mix different from the above status quo, with the new mahogany-based dreadnaught model taking market share from the premium line and from the Dionisio line, to take up 25 percent of all revenues,

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Human Resource Management - Essay ExampleEach management position has its inherent rights that are acquired from a detail post.Managements are distinguished between line authority and staff authority. In line authority there is an employee-employer relationship. Where a manager deals with his subordinates and directs their work and make fitted decisions as required. The line manager has the right to issue orders whereas, staff managers advice assist and reduce some of the informational burdens. They have an advisory relationship and apprisenot issue order follow through the chain of command. Staff managers usually run those departments that are supportive such as quality control, HRM, purchasing. Whereas line managers have departments which require proper management skills and directions for suave running of sales or production. The difference among them is the nature of the relationship like line manager can order the subordinate whereas staff manager can advice the line manage rs to achieve their goals.Human resource department have staff managers although line managers also have some of human resource duties as placement, orientation, training, better job performances etc. Human resource manager works in staff capacity. They manage human resources to help organization achieve its goal by determining companys work force and help firms missionIn the past, capital was considered indispensible for a developing industry provided with time this concept has evolved and replaced by an enthusiastic and efficient labor or work force because no major project backed by free-enterprise(a) employees with efficient management is hindered by shortage of

Do We Really Listen To Young Children An Investigation into The Essay

Do We Really Listen To Young Children An Investigation into The Importance of Listening to Young Children In Early Years Sittin - Essay ExampleThe question whether do we really listen to young children brings about a few thoughts to a persons mind. Questions such as how much importance is provided to listening to children and how they have been they treated by the adult world needs to be unearthed. It is significant to note that children ar least noticed or listened to at the earlier stages. In many circumstances the early intervention into the life of the children would lead to solving many issues relate to their life. Moreover, the cargonful examination on the unique individualities of children will help others find out the mysteries that surround children, their feelings, thoughts and creativity during the early years of life. The characteristic attributes are attain at an early stage. So it can be said that the life of each children is highly valued and so the educators at the early years posing should clearly listen to the activities of the children who are entrusted to their care. It is important to recognise that a number of factors has influenced the growing interest in listening to children. ... Background In many countries children are treated as having not much of importance. Much negligence was reported on children all over the world. This prompted various organisations and persons to look into the matter very seriously. In 1904 the Prevention of Cruelty to Children Act was established in England and hence forward many laws came into force on the rights of children in the country. The UN assembly too shared its allude for the rights of children all over the world. 1979 was considered as the International year of children and the Assembly decided to pass a convention on the rights of children. It was adopted in the year 1989 and Britain formalize this law in 1991. The country stresses much importance on the well being of the children. Children u nder five are placed in babysitting and the judicature makes ample measures for the overall development of children at this stage. Many strategies are implemented for the total development of children in the country. All these necessitate the importance of childrens rights as subjects of the state. In the recent years, the government agendas in England have focused on the need to involve children in policy and service design. There has been a pixilated feeling that the provision and evaluation of services used by children, or which affect them, should be given priority. Whereas consultation with older children is given importance in the recent years, the case for younger children is much different and they are not given due respect for their opinions. Significantly, listening to children has been regarded as an integral part of reason their needs and feelings from their early experiences. Linda Kinney maintains, there were two key outcomes from our work on consultation with

Transition to Postsecondary Education for Students with Disabilities Case Study

Transition to Postsecondary Education for Students with Disabilities - Case Study ExampleThis paper discusses a case study concerning the transition assessment of a post-secondary student who aspired to enrol in college and sought expert help in facilitating this transition from his public school. in any case preparing students for post-secondary education, the purpose of this transition assessment was to understand the expectations of the student and communicate the appropriate level of preparation and coursework required for them to take up college-level studies. The students family members had not attended college, and as such there were no viable avenues for the student at home for consultation. Thus, the primary purpose of the transition assessment was to present college-level studies as a viable and affordable option beyond post-secondary studies. The assessment was also a medium to expand the range of educational streams and options available to the student and meant to face options beyond those offered by a traditional high-school curriculum (Levinson 52).Opportunities to secure funding in the form of scholarships and student loans were also explored during this assessment by evaluating the current financial status of the student and his family. The assessment also sought to motivate the student towards pursuing further studies especially since the limitations of the current high-school curriculum became apparent during the evaluation. The assessment resolved that the student was interested in pursuing computer engineering at college and recommended him to pursue technical courses in programming, hardware design and advanced mathematics in order to ensure a smooth transition (Repetto 43). By undertaking such courses, the student would not only strengthen the prospects of his college application but would be in a better position to take up subsequent coursework (Bryant 82).Several student loans available to students through the federal government and private banks were discussed and a list of suitable loan providers was given to the student based on an evaluation of his total funding requirements and repayment preferences.

The Mercy of Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Mercy of Religion - Essay ExampleHowever, despite all this, conflicts still makes the most part of the news today the media is lecture about violence from all corners of the world.It is devastating how Christianity is least influential on the struggles for peace and against violence in the USA. They have let the leaders whose lips argon dissolute to talk about war and how the citizens should protect themselves dominate the arena. Christian religion has its focus and attention on understanding the past events, how they affect our society preferably of the earlier and current occurrences in the society (Moore 23). Christian believers should be quite hiding in the past and focus on the current and fulfill its agreement in terminating the global violence. The USA should be first in peace negotiation and ending violence.In every social setting, a woman is equally important like the man because she performs the basic task in the family like ensuring adequate water for use in the f amily, looking after the sick, tending the gardens and otherwise duties. The woman is the building blocks of any society and I belief without her, we would have a chaotic society where peace is no existence, malnourished children, and men, and many features that are more unexciting, (Rosemary 12). Despite the good things a woman can do, many cultures do not regard her and mostly assume her efforts and duties, for instance, she is considered the poorest in the family for money she gets is utilise for the well being of the society while the man uses his to buy luxuries like a radio. Religion puts the woman a compromising position in that she is need to be submissive to the man, support him and in some religions, he must not be adulterous but a man can. Many nongovernmental organization have however been establish and are working towards promoting the rights of the woman in the society and above anything the appreciation she deserves for the roles she plays.Since its inception after the

Culture Shock Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Culture Shock - Essay ExampleOften, the way that we lived before, is not accepted or considered as normal, in the new place. The cultural shock experienced by the diverse communities in the current multicultural society due to widely disparate socio-cultural values, is atomic number 53 of the most important factors that needs to be fully understood in the broader context. The changing values necessitate development of a new social allege which would not only embrace multi cultural values but help forge a universal bond that would transcend national and religious boundaries for pacifistic co-existence. Gender inequality and outlook towards casual sex are two of the most important cultural factors of the conservative cultures of the South-East Asian countries. When people from these countries exit to the West, especially America, they experience cultural shock. America is a land of opportunity and is characterized by its ever expanding diverse cultural paradigms. The democratic val ues are more(prenominal) emphatically visible here through equality between the genders and freedom of informed choices. The opportunities to exert those choices are openly practiced with societal support that an Indian immigrant, initially finds hard to accept. The language barriers, rules and regulations, food etc are other factors that make it difficult for them to overcome. It is important to understand that dapting to different environment is a gradual attend that happens in phases. Before completely getting acculturized, factors like social networking and learning the language of the host country facilitates adjustment.

Facebook Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Facebook - Essay ExampleThe co-founder of Facebook, Mark Zuckerberg, had been accused of stealing the concept of Facebook from ternary students in Harvard University. However, he won his case against them and cleared any misconceptions about the source of the concept. Facebook was launched when the idea of genial networking sites had already been circulated on the web in the stamp of MySpace, Orkut etc. These competitors were overshadowed by the inventive ideas and features of Facebook. It is a matter of time until another interesting idea makes its way to the top rank and supersedes Facebook. External and internal outline has been conducted regarding Facebook to facilitate the continuation of the achievement of its goals and objectives. Other than the constant threat of the initiation of an even more inventive idea, Facebook is starting to face Facebook Fatigue from the users due to the all-embracing usage of the same features. Few strategies have been proposed in the report th at can be useful for Facebook to improve their service and achieve their goals and objectives. The need of the hour is to reduce the adaptation of third party applications to ensure greater security, offer new features and functions to handle Facebook Fatigue and reduce the number of advertisements display for the users. Facebook 1. Introduction Facebook is a social networking site that has leaped mankind to a new level of social networking in terms of greater interactivity and communication. It is not only considered as a mechanism to communicate, barely also an effective medium to share different types of multimedia, like videos, images, documents etc. It enables the users to stay in touch with their friends, colleagues, family and strangers who might have similar interests or hobbies. It is a global platform where an individual from any race or religion can become a member to communicate with his peers. Facebook has become the most unremarkably adopted social networking site i n the prevailing times since they have greater number of registered users every day Facebook shows records that on average, 100 million users get to the respective website every day. This report discusses different aspects of the social networking site and how the respective company has gained the status of peerless of the leading companies in the world. The core objectives and mission story of the company has also been included to communicate the core values of the company. External, as well as internal analysis has been done for the company to identify the strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities for the company. An of import and final aspect of this report is the proposal of effective strategies to facilitate the achievement of the goals of the company, along with the strategic plans to implement the propositions in the company. The financial impacts of the propositions have not been analyze in the report due to the unavailability of extensive financial information fr om Facebook. It is also recommended that some of the proposals should be implemented after attaining feedback from the user to ensure that the tiresome task of implementing the changes would cause a positive effect on the users, such as the provision of customization options, lessening of advertisements on profile pages. 2. Company Overview Mark Zuckerberg is one of the main founders of the company. Womack stated that the annual revenues of 2010 amounted to around $2 billion. It has been ranked as the 3rd largest IT company in the world, behind Microsoft and Google. Womack also provided the information that the founder was named as the Person of the Year by Time Magazine in 2010. The value of the company has

Vicarious Liability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Vicarious Liability - Essay ExampleThe concept of vicarious liability give the bounce be substantiated in this case in numerous ways. The first evidence can be observed on the organization signed between Robert Courtney and Eli Lilly and Company. Whereby, Elil Lilly and alliance were supposed to supply Courtney with Chemotherapy drugs. However, Robert Courtney started participating in pharmaceutical fraud by buying drugs from a grey market and at the same time diluting Taxol and Gemzal drugs supplied by Eli Lilly and company. This means that Elil Lilly and company had a vicarious liability due to the tortuous acts committed by Robert Courtney of whom they had a special relationship based on the agreement they had signed (Giliker, 2011).The second evidence of vicarious liability can be observed between Doctor Hunter and Robert Courtney. Doctor Hunter was supplied cancer drugs by Robert Courtney pharmacy whereby, he used those drugs to diagnose his patient without the knowledge that Courtney had diluted the drugs. This resulted to substantial harm to the patients diagnosed by Doctor Hunter. Therefore, based on this relationship Robert Courtney had vicarious liability towards Doctor Hunters patients. This is because Courtney was responsible for the harm that doctor hunter had caused towards his patients (Moses & Jones, 2011).The organizational parties that could be held liable in this case include Eli Lilly and company, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Kansas city General Hospital where Doctor Hunter was working and finally Research Medical Towers Pharmacy Owned by Robert Courtney. Eli Lilly and company were liable because the organisation had a special relationship with Courtney. This relationship was established via an agreement whereby, Eli Lilly pharmaceutical company agreed to be supplying Robert Courtney Pharmacy with chemotherapy drugs. This means that Eli Lilly and Company had a embodied

Flashbulb memory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Flashbulb memory - Essay ExampleKennedy was assassinated. Should this individual remember that they were flying a kite on the beach that day, this is an display case of flashbulb memory.Flashbulb memory is generally a unique phenomenon for each person experiencing it, with some individuals reporting more negative emotions with an event while others gleam positively on a particular moment in time. As such, on that point does not appear to be a unanimous belief in the psychological community that flashbulb memories will hold the same value or importance for each individual person. However, the fact that the human mind maintains the world power to instantly recall events from history with unbeliev satisfactory accuracy leans to illustrate the complexity of human cognitive capabilities.Ask any group of individuals to describe the exact flesh out of a specific day in the calendar year, perhaps a day when the group was in elementary school. Likely, they will not be able to provide de tails of the event with any kind of clarity. However, utilizing the aforementioned John Kennedy reference, cooking guru Julia Child can easily recall that she and her husband were eating dope at the time of the assassination (Greenberg, 2005). Another disaster occurred in England in which nearly 100 soccer fans were crushed to death during a stadium catastrophe. one month after the incident, all surveyed respondents were able to clearly remember the events of their lives at the moment they heard the news of the stadium disaster (Luminet, Curci, Marsh, Wessel, et al, 2004). All of the aforementioned situations would tend to illustrate that flashbulb memories are created by some form of rememberable stimuli, which engrains the daily events of an individual and links them directly with the traumatic or inspirational event.Though there is no clear evidence as to why this phenomenon occurs, however it has been suggested by several researchers that individuals are capable of

Demand vs Supply Essay Example for Free

Demand vs Supply EssayThe two main driving forces of the economy are provision and demand. Understanding the basic concepts of supply and demand can help an organization focus on the bottom line. According to Gretzen (2007), demand is the relationship between price and quantity. Supply refers to the amount of a good or service available at any particular price. The principle of supply and demand describes a balance that develops between the supply of an full stop or service and the demand for it (Kleinman, 2009). Economics plays a major role in the wellness give distribute intentness. As a resource, the health pity custody is a determinant of the balance between supply and demand. The health shell out workforce consists of nurses, physicians, and other ancillary health sustentation workers such as apprised nurses aides (CNAs) and patient care associates (PCAs). The supply of health care workers directly impacts the demand of quality care rendered to patients.SERVICE OR PRODUCTHealth care organizations have specific stated missions and visions to map out their fundamental way of operation. In health care, the workforce is instrumental in assisting with the organizational delivery of operate to consumers (patients). The primary issue for all health care workforce forcefulness is that of unretentive staffing. This paper focuses on the staffing effectiveness of supplemental staffing of health care military unit at heart the inpatient countersinkting.IMPACTNursing managers formulate staffing patterns on a daily basis. The staffing of inpatient units requires a knowledge of unit census (total bed capacity), circumstance of patient acuity (level of care required for the patient), and skill mix ( nursing hours per patient per day and nurse patient ratio) (U. S. discussion section of Health and Human Services, 2002). Often times, inadequate staffing is due to a high rate of call outs of sickness or other emergencies. Inadequate staffing directly imp acts patient safety and quality of care. All health care titles render supplemental staffing coverage in one of two ways, overtime and through per-diem agencies. Overtime employment provides regular full time employees with monies set at a rate of time and half for any extra work completed over the prescribed 40 hours a week.Per-diem agencies are exterior contractors capable of providing their own qualified titled personnel to fill vacancies with monies defined at a set rate. Patients are admitted to inpatient setting with varied co-morbidities whitethorn or may not indirectly increase the necessity of staff. Patients are often admitted for diagnoses of altered mental status, agitation / combativeness, risk for falls, suicidal ideation, and alcohol or drug intoxication. Many patients require a high level of skilled care, such as turning and repositioning, and assistance with activities of daily living such as toileting and eating. It requires a higher staff to patient ratio to pro vide safe, effective quality care.PERSPECTIVE AND RATIONALEAccording to published reports there are account factors affecting the adequacy of the health care workforce. Some key factors include an aging workforce of where 40 percent of practicing physicians are older than 55, and one-third of the nursing workforce is over 50 with a majority of both professionals seeking to retire within the next 10 years (Alliance for Health Reform, 2011). The largest groups of health professionals in the United States are composed of Registered Nurses. Statistically, there is a huge decline in the numbers of nurses within all regions of the U.S. An estimated 118,000 FTE RNs will exit the workforce within the next five years (Staiger, Auerbac, Buerhaus, 2012). This potentially leaves a major void in terms of numbers of bodies needed to fill vacated positions. Low staffing levels are associated with higher rates of adverse outcomes that are directly sensitive to nursing attention, such as urinary t ract infections, pneumonia, pressure ulcers, and falls (American Federation of Teachers, 2012).Unintended redundant costsassociated with the development of complications in patients are greater than labor savings when units are understaffed. Acquiring pressure ulcers are estimated to cost the health care industry $8.5 billion per year (Kleinman, 2009) Overtime costs and per-diem agency costs cant stand alone to solve the issues of staffing shortage. Their combined usage enables institutions to deliver best health care services to consumers/ patients. The supply of overtime and per-diem staff meets the change magnitude demands of patients. It also assists in the delivery of quality care through services rendered. In terms of patient safety, the potentiality of the risk of injury to patients via falls, medication errors, and or sentinel events decreases.CONCLUSIONThe United States is a great consumer demand for health care services. The supply of such services is affected by varied factors. These factors directly influence the financial stability of health care organizations. Recessional times fountain delays in career and retirement plans for health care professionals. In recessional times, there are noted changes in the supply and demand of the health care workforce. The shortage of registered nurses and providers in the workforce may inadvertently lead to a reduction in health care access for consumers. Inadequate staffing levels place glum burdens on the nursing staff. Adverse events such as falls, hospital acquired infections and medication errors are potentially painful and life threatening events. Adverse events can reply in considerable costs to be paid by the understaffed institution.For this reason alone, supplemental staffing via agency and overtime personnel provides a measure of increased patient safety. The future is trending towards the assistance in the recovery of the health care workforce shortage. It will rely heavily on the provisions m ade by the Affordable Care Act of 2010 (Alliance for health reform, 2011). Recruitment and reinvestment in health care professions especially nurses and physicians will assure sufficient supply of workforce personnel to meet the increased demands of health care economy and its consumers( Kaiser Foundation (2012). The Joint Commission bolsters workforce infrastructure through in-service and continuing education, supporting nursing education, and the sufferance of set staffing levels based oncompetency and skill mix relative to patient mix and acuity (Stanton, 2012). It also supports the establishment of financial incentives for health care organizations investing in nursing and workforce services.REFERENCESAlliance for Health Reform. (April, 2011). Health care workforce Future Supply vs. Demand. Retrieved from http//www.allhealth.org/publications/medicare / health_care_workforce.American Federation of Teachers. (2012). Issues Healthcare Staffing. Retrieved from http//www.aft.org/iss ues/ healthcare/staffing/index.cfmChanges in Health Care Financing Organization. (August, 2009). Issue brief Impact of the economy on health care. Retrieved from http//www.academyhealth.org /files/hvfo/findings0809.pdfGetzen, T.E. (2007). Health economics and financing. (3rd ed.). John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ.Kleinman, C. (2009). Health care supply demand. Retrieved from http//www.community.advanceweb.comStaiger, D. O., Auerbach, D. I., Buerhaus, P. I. (2012, April). Registered nurse labor supply and the recession- Are we in a bubble? New England Journal of Medicine, (366), 1463-1465.Stanton, M. (2012). Hospital nurse staffing and quality of care. Retrieved from http//www.ahrq.gov/research/nursestaffing/nursestaff.htmU.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (July, 2002). Projected supply, demand, and shortages of registered nurses 2000- 2020. Retrieved from http//hrsa.gov.The Kaiser Foundation. (2012). Nursing workforce Background brief. Retrieved from http//www.ka iseredu.org/Issues-Modules

The Supreme Court on ‘Hazelwood’ Essay Example for Free

The Supreme Court on Hazelwood EssayBoth judges and civilize officials have been thinking about and traffic with the nature of disciples adepts to free speech through the 1970s and 1980s, since Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School Dist., the 1969 landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision that acknowledged student rights. Stating that students do not shed their constitutional rights . . . at the schoolhouse gate (393 U.S. at 506), the Court upheld the right of three Des Moines high school students to pay black armbands as a peaceful symbol of opposition to the Vietnam war. . . .The Courts ruling and reasoning subsequently were applied to student expression separate than the wearing of armbands, from theater productions to art shows, from school assemblies to student publications. . . . The Supreme Court, balancing students constitutional freedoms and administrators traditional responsibilities, said in Tinker that school officials could not invert expression simply because t hey disliked it. . . . Student journalists efforts to gain press freedom experienced a major setback on January 13, 1988, when the U.S. Supreme Court govern in Hazelwood School Dist. v. Kuhlmeier that school administrators could censor a school-sponsored newspaper. Just as Tinker had started an era of expanded student rights, so Hazelwood signals a departure that could lead toward more restriction of students expression.The Hazelwood principal believed that the stories he censoredaccounts of unnamed, pregnant students and a report on the impact of parental disjoin on studentswere unfair and inappropriate for teenagers. He was concerned that the anonymous students could be identified, that the school would appear to be condoning teenage pregnancy, and that divorced parents criticized should be consulted prior to publication. . . . alternatively of ruling narrowly on student newspapers, the Court in Hazelwood gave discretion to school officials to1. Serve as publisher. . . . 2. Censo r, if there is a reasonable educational justification, any expression that does not properly reflect the schools educational mission. The Court called it reasonable to censor a newspaper story that school officials believe is not fair, expression that deals with sensitive topics, and content that is ungrammatical, poorly written, inadequately researched, biased or prejudiced, vulgar or profane, or unsuitable for immature audiences.3. subroutine this power to control expression through any school-sponsored activity. Legal distinctions between class-produced and extra-curricular publications disappeared. Theater production, art shows, debates, and pep rallies are just some of the schoolsponsored activities now on a lower floor tighter control. . . .4. Review student expression in advance, even when no guidelines define what will or will not be censored.Constitution of the United States, Amendment I Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting th e free exercise thereof or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

The Education Debate Essay Example for Free

The Education Debate Essay1. Nielsens (Booms) opinion of a higher education is a very interesting and intellectual opinion that I myself also share. In this text Blooms creates a very strong distinguishment between the education you receive from universities in the sense of book smarts whether then the skills universities lack to teach, which in Blooms opinion is wisdom, and virtue. Bloom suggests these skills are essential in order to follow the path to the good life. In this text Bloom subtitles How higher education has failed democracy and impoverished the souls of todays students,, which in essence is a direct attack at univerisites for not instilling the priggish morals and lessons in their students. The skills that the students lack contrive been extremely noticeable to Bloom, he suggests due to the lack of nobility and morality students no longer fall in love, students deem only for sexual relationships rather than companionship and love. Bloom draws a strong discrepancy between the arts and sciences. He states that non-science undergrads are not demand to take any science courses while science inflicted students are required to take 3 of their 20 courses in either science or arts.This accommodation for the choice between arts science is something I agree extremely on. Both these areas of education offer such similar however also contrary skills. Arts, allow for creativity, wonder, insight and inference while science grabs connection to nature, realism and direct intellect. I believe both areas are important for the development of a human, it offers a type of well roundedness and intellectual ability in all aspects of life. Currently our education follows a systematic approach of a mavin answer, one right type of approach. This limits the ability of creativity, inference and uniqueness. Memorization is absolutely one of the worst skillsthat school has to offer, instead understanding and conceptualizing is key to the success of education. Educa tions import has been blown out of proportion, while grades do matter extremely the valuableness of other aspects of life have been loss. Everyone knows that one person whoms life revolves around their pedantic achievements, its all they talk about, its all they do and all they lead ever know. While this is not entirely bad it has a large negative exertion due to its ability to block humans from the real world. Whole heartedly I agree with Blooms opinion of education, for me its a sense of wonder of theworld and taking age and understanding what really occurs in our lives. At times I sit and focus on certain systems in our world, whether it be education, government or the social organisation of authority I find myself to have a very different opinion then others approximately of the time. I believe that education needs to be re-evaluated to accommodate the needs of the students of today and the future. However, for now a systematic approach to education in order to reach my g oal of intellect is what I will follow. 2. Both the sciences and arts offer a wide variety of benefits. The arts allow for a type of personal and creative development as a person.The different benefits these areas of education have to offer compliment one another ever so dearly. Science allows for the respect and love for freedom, it gives raise to the interest of the universe, and most importantly direct intelligence of our existence and meaning is challenged. I believe Nielsen Bloom argues the need for both science and art due to the combination of skills it eject inflict. As stated above I listed some of the skills that can be achieved through each area, with combination these skills can use each other and make off one another in order to create the maximum benefit.You have the ability to connect to science nature while using your scientific knowledge to relate to arts and other matter. I suspect this balance that these two areas offer is why Nielsen argues them so deeply. 3. Nielsen Bloom uses the three sub-headings, Futile Propaganda, unrealistic Openness, and Ignorant Shepherds. Each of these heading relate to the piece of upcoming text in a very disclosed way. A type of intellectual doctrine is used within these headings in order to bring awareness to the argument that is going to be made. The first heading, Futile Propaganda suggests that students are often under active for a type of higher education then they receive during their prior years.In our society students have so many more oppurtunities to loose their wariness from skills such as reading and homework, but who would want to engage in reading while they are able to watch their favorite television shows during the afternoon. The undermentioned heading, Delusive Openness, states that students believe There are no universal and eternal varieties for people to learn and live by, this leaves everyone to think and do as they please. This suggests that the openness we have today leads to ultim ately closed mindedness because students lack curiosity.

Vrouwen in topfuncties

Vrouwen in topfunctiesVrouwen in topfuncties1. Inleiding2. Wat is een topfunctie?3. Vrouwen op de arbeidsmarkt en in topfuncties3.1 Hoe is de situatie nu met vrouwen op de lendale arbeidsmarkt?3.2 Hoe is de situatie nu met hot aantal vrouwen in topfuncties?4. Oorzaken 4.1 Wat zijn de oorzaken wagon train hot grote verschil in aantal mannen en vrouwen in topfuncties?5. Quotum5.1 Waarom zou de all overheid een quotum voor heated aantal vrouwen in topfuncties in willen stellen?5.2 Waarom zouden bedrijven een quotum voor heated up aantal vrouwen in topfuncties in willen stellen?5.3 Hoe kijkt de bevolking aan tegen een quotum? 5.4 Waarom zou er geen quotum ingesteld moeten worden?6. Mogelijkheden om arbeidsparticipatie cutting edge vrouwen te verhogen6.1 Welke mogelijkheden zijn er om de arbeidsparticipatie forefront vrouwen te verhogen op de totale arbeidsmarkt?6.2 Welke mogelijkheden zijn er om de arbeidsparticipatie wagon train vrouwen de verhogen in topfuncties?7. Con clusieBijlagen1. InleidingHet onderwerp a cutting edget-garde ons profielwerkstuk is vrouwen in topfuncties. Al jaren is er veel aandacht voor het lage aantal vrouwen in topfuncties. Uit onderzoeken wagon train het Europese statistiekbureau Eurostat en headhuntersbedrijf fair sex Capital blijkt digital audiotape Nederland internationaal gezien bijzonder laag scoort amyotrophic lateral sclerosis het gaat om het aantal vrouwen in de top. Voorzitter cara cara a new wavet-gardeguard de FNV, Agnes Jongerius, zegt ook in een artikel wagon trainguard de volkskrant a cutting edget-garde 2 april 2008 digital audiotape Nederland samen met Botswana ergens onderaan bungelt qua vrouwen in topfuncties en digital audiotape wanneer het niet wettelijk verplicht wordt er weinig zal veranderen. Sinds 2007/2008 wordt in Nederland gedebatteerd over een quotum om het aantal vrouwen in topfuncties te verhogen. We hebben vrouwen in topfuncties als onderwerp voor ons profielwerkstuk gekozen, omdigit al audiotape het een erg actueel onderwerp is. We vinden het interessant om te kijken waarom er zoveel aandacht is in de politiek en media voor de kleine doorstroom vrouwen naar topfuncties en waardoor dit komt. Ook zijn we benieuwd of een instelling van een quotum een verandering in de mannencultuur in topfuncties kan brengen. Onze hoofdvraag luidt als volgt Is het een verbetering als er een quotum komt voor vrouwen in topfuncties?. Wij denken digital audiotape we niet op een duidelijk ja of nee zullen uitkomen, omdigital audiotape verbetering een groot begrip is. Er is geen duidelijke maatstaaf waarmee wij kunnen meten of het quotum een verbetering is. Boven make passn zal het quotum, als het wordt ingevoerd, pas in 2012 ingevoerd worden en is de werkelijke verbetering dus nu oarlock niet te meten en kunnen we alleen nog spreken vanuit verwachtingen. Het doel van ons profielwerkstuk is dat we in onze conclusie kunnen motiveren wat de positieve veranderingen zullen zijn van de ins telling van het quotum en wat de negatieve veranderingen zullen zijn, maar dus nog geen duidelijke uitspraak of het quotum zal leiden tot een verbetering. Om onze hoofdvraag te kunnen beantwoorden, hebben we de volgende deelvragen opgesteld 1. Wat is een topfunctie?2.1 Hoe staan vrouwen op de gehele arbeidsmarkt?2.2 Hoe staan vrouwen op de arbeidsmarkt van topfuncties?3.1 Waarom moet er een quotum voor het aantal vrouwen in topfuncties worden ingesteld?3.2 Waarom zou een quotum voor het aantal vrouwen in topfuncties niet ingesteld moeten worden?4.1 Welke manieren zijn er om de arbeidsparticipatie van vrouwen te verhogen? 4.2 Welke manieren zijn er om de arbeidsparticipatie van vrouwen in topfuncties te verhogen, naast een quotum? 5.1 Kunnen vrouwen topfuncties bekleden? 5.2 Willen vrouwen topfuncties bekleden?5.3 Is de instelling van een quotum juridisch haalbaar?De antwoorden op deze vragen willen we op prissy manieren verzamelen. De eerste manier is informatie verzamelen via inte rnet. Hierbij is de website van het Centraal Bureau van Statistiek (CBS) een grote informatiebron voor ons, onder andere voor deelvraag 2. Ook gebruiken we veel op internet gepubliceerde onderzoeken, onder andere om argumenten te kunnen vormen voor en tegen de instelling van een quotum voor deelvraag 3. De tweede manier waarop we aan onze informatie komen is onze enqute. Met de enqute willen we te weten komen till de bevolking tegen het aantal vrouwen in topfuncties kijkt en hoe de bevolking kijkt tegen de instelling van een quotum. De uitkomsten van deze enqute verwerken we in paragraaf 5.Tenslotte de vraag wat heeft het profielwerkstuk voor ons voor nut gehad? Het belangrijkste wat we van het profielwerkstuk hebben geleerd, is tijdsplanning Het profielwerkstuk is een groot project waar 80 uur per persoon in moet zitten. We zijn rond september 2009 begonnen en de enige echte deadline clear we hadden was 1 maart 2010. Om op 1 maart een goed profielwerkstuk te kunnen inleveren is t ijdsplanning n van de belangrijkste dingen die je nodig hebt. Zonder tijdsplanning kom je op het laatst namelijk ontzettend in tijdsnood en dat komt je werk nooit ten goede. Natuurlijk hebben we de afgelopen jaren op school al heel veel geleerd over tijdsplanning, maar het profielwerkstuk is het laatste, grootste project waarin dit tot uiting komt.2. Wat is een topfunctie?In deze paragraaf gaat het om het definiren van een topfunctie. Ondanks dat er een bepaald beeld hangt rondom het woord topfunctie, workaholics met een hoog salaris en ze zijn erg belangrijk voor het bedrijf, is het moeilijk uit te leggen wat een topfunctie nou precies is. Dat het lastig is om een topfunctie te definiren, komt doordat er geen duidelijke maatstaaf is die voor elke firmament gelijk is voor wanneer een functie een topfunctie is en wanneer de functie behoort tot een middenfunctie. window pane verschilt namelijk per arena en bedrijf. Het ligt aan de omvang en gelaagdheid van het bedrijf, dus kan een functie in het ene bedrijf wel tot een topfunctie gerekend worden, maar in een ander bedrijf niet. Een oplossing hiervoor zou kunnen zijn om te definiren aan de hand van afgeleide indicatoren, bijvoorbeeld salarisniveau. Maar ook dit is lastig, omdat afgeleide indicatoren vaak geen betrouwbare maatstaaf zijn. Salarissen kunnen namelijk per sector of bedrijf verschillen mensen met dezelfde functie verdienen niet per definitie hetzelfde salaris. Een voorbeeld hiervan is het verschil tussen het salaris van mannen en vrouwen en het gemeten aantal vrouwen in topfuncties kan hierdoor dus te laag uitvallen. Een ander criterium voor een topfunctie zou de functie-inhoud kunnen zijn, bijvoorbeeld in welke mate de werknemer beslissingsbevoegd is of over hoeveel mensen hij/zij leiding geeft. Hier zit men echter met hetzelfde probleem. Het is onmogelijk om een beschrijving van de functie-inhoud te maken die voor elke sector en elk soort bedrijf te hanteren is. Het is nu dus duidelijk dat topfunc ties in verschillende sectoren niet over een kam te scheren zijn. Daarom worden topfuncties vaak gecategoriseerd in de volgende categorien het bedrijfsleven, het maatschappelijk middenveld, politiek en openbare functies. In het bedrijfsleven wordt vaak het hoogste orgaan van het bedrijf, dus degene die de dagelijkse leiding in handen heeft, als de echte top top gezien. loony toons hoogste orgaan wordt de raad van bestuur of raad van directie genoemd. Ook hoort het orgaan dat toezicht houdt op het functioneren van het bedrijf tot topfuncties. battery-acid orgaan wordt aangeduid met verschillende namen, het vaakst met de naam raad van commissarissen, maar ook wel met de raad van toezicht, of de raad van advies. Het maatschappelijk middenveld houdt de non-profitsector in, dus de instellingen die winst maken niet als doelstelling hebben. De non-profitsector hebben we in dit geval opgesplitst in de delen onderwijs, sociaaleconomische instellingen en zorg en welzijn. In het onderwijs beh oren de managementfuncties in het basis- middelbaar- en hoger beroepsonderwijs en hoogleraren tot topfuncties. In de sociaaleconomische sector en zorg en welzijn worden dezelfde namen als in het bedrijfsleven gehanteerd, dus raad van bestuur en raad van commissarissen. In de politiek worden de leden van de Eerste en Tweede Kamer tot topfuncties gerekend, evenals de gedeputeerden in de provinciebesturen en Commissarissen van de Koningin. In de lokale politiek bekleed men een topfunctie als burgemeesters of lid van het bestuur van de waterschappen. Het openbaar bestuur bestaat uit de rechterlijke macht, Raad van State, Algemene Rekenkamer, het politiekorps en de Sociaaleconomische Raad (SER). In de rechterlijke macht bekleden rechters en officieren van justitie topfuncties en de politietop bestaat uit iedereen met schaal 14 of hoger. Tenslotte is er de ambtelijke top. In de overheid behoren de functies van secretarissen-generaal, directeuren-generaal, topambtenaren, statengriffiers, gemeentesecretarissen en secretarissen waterschappen tot topfuncties.3. Huidige situatie van vrouwen op de arbeidsmarkt en in topfunctiesIn deze deelvraag wordt beschreven hoe het de afgelopen jaren ervoor staat met vrouwen in topfuncties. Om dit helder te krijgen gaat het eerst over hoe vrouwen staan op de totale arbeidsmarkt, dus wat is de arbeidsdeelname van vrouwen, hoeveel werken er voltijd en hoeveel deeltijd, hoe zijn vrouwen verdeeld over de verschillende opleidingsniveaus, hoe gaat het met de combinatie van zorgen voor kinderen en werk en ten slotte hoe is het inkomen van vrouwen ten opzichte van mannen. Daarna wordt het verkleind van de gehele arbeidsmarkt naar topfuncties, dus hoeveel topfuncties worden er bekleed door vrouwen en wat zijn de redenen voor dit aantal vrouwen in topfuncties. In deze deelvraag wordt gebruik gemaakt van gegevens uit 2007 en 2008, omdat recenter nog niet beschikbaar is. Sommige gegevens uit 2008 zijn ook niet te verkrijgen, daarom wordt er in d ie gevallen over 2007 gesproken. Het grootste deel van de gegevens komt uit de emancipatiemonitor 2008 van het Centraal Bureau voor Statistiek (CBS).3.1 Hoe is de situatie nu met vrouwen op de totale arbeidsmarkt?ArbeidsparticipatieIn 2008 telt Nederland 5.454.000 vrouwen tussen 15 en 65. De netto arbeidsparticipatie van deze vrouwen is in 2008 59%, dat betekent een stijging van 1,8% ten opzichte van 2007. Absoluut gezien houdt dit in dat er 3.217.860 werkende vrouwen zijn in 2008. Als de netto arbeidsdeelname van vrouwen op deze manier door blijft groeien, wordt het streefcijfer van de overheid van 65% in 2010 niet gehaald. De netto arbeidsparticipatie is het laagst onder vrouwen tussen 55 tot en met 65 jaar, vrouwen met alleen basisonderwijs en Turkse en Marokkaanse vrouwen. 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Streefwaarde 52,3 53,5 54,8 56,0 57,3 58,5 59,6 61,0 62,3 63,5 65,0 Realisatie 52,0 53,0 53,0 53,0 53,0 53,0 55,0 57,01Naast netto arbeidsparticipatie is er ook de bruto arbeidsparticipatie, bij de bruto arbeidsparticipatie worden niet alleen de werkende bevolking meegerekend maar ook de werkzoekenden. In 2008 is er een bruto arbeidsparticipatie van 62% en dit is een stijging van 1,3% ten opzichte van 2007. Met een gelijkblijvende ontwikkeling kan het streefcijfer van 74% in 2016 wel worden gerealiseerd. van de vrouwen van 15 tot 65 jaar met een baan van 12 uur of meer per week werkt 69% in deeltijd en dit is zo goed als gelijk gebleven aan 2007. Wel is er een verschuiving van kleine naar (middel)grote deeltijdbanen. Het gemiddelde aantal werkuren per week is in 2007 24,8 uur. 69% Van de werkende vrouwen heeft dus een deeltijdbaan, dit is ontzettend hoog vergeleken met het buitenland. Duitsland komt nog het dichts bij Nederland in de buurt met 49%.Het werkloosheidpercentage ligt bij vrouwen iets lager dan bij mannen, namelijk 6% tegenover 4% in 2007. En arbeidsongeschiktheid komt even veel voor bij mannen als bij vrouwen.OpleidingsniveauIn het schooljaar 2007/2008 volgden ruim 900.000 leerlingen een opleiding in het voortgezet onderwijs, de verhouding tussen man en vrouw is hier ongeveer gelijk. Meisjes volgen minder vaak dan jongens het VMBO van de meisjes volgden 27% een basis- of kaderberoepsgerichte leerweg tegenover 32% van de jongens. Meisjes gaan ook vaker naar de havo dan jongens, 24% van de meisjes kiest voor de havo versus 23% van de jongens. De percentages binnen het vwo liggen verder uit elkaar, 23% van de meisjes koos namelijk voor het vwo en dit staat tegenover 19% van de jongens. In schooljaar 2006/2007 slaagden vrouwen gemiddeld op hogere mbo-niveaus dan mannen. Van alle vrouwen die slaagden op het MBO had 70% een diploma op niveau 3 of 4, dit was bij mannen 55%. In schooljaar 2007/2008 was zowel op het HBO als op het WO 51% van de studenten vrouw. Vrouwen studeren over het algemeen sneller af dan mannen. Op het HB O was 65% van de vrouwen die in 2007 afstudeerden 5 jaar geleden begonnen aan de studie en bij de mannen was dit 51%. Op het WO was dit ongeveer 75% van de vrouwen die hun studie in 6 jaar hadden afgerond tegenover 60% van de mannen.Combinatie zorg en werkDe komst van kinderen zorgt in veel gezinnen voor een verandering in de verdeling van de arbeid. In 2007 ging circa 33% van de vrouwen minder werken door de komst van hun eerste kind en 10% van de vrouwen stopte helemaal met werken. Laag opgeleide vrouwen doen dit vaker (17%) dan middelbaar (9%) en hoogopgeleide vrouwen (8%). 40% Van de moeders in 2007 bleef evenveel werken of ging zelfs meer werken. Hierbij moet wel worden gezegd dat het hier vooral gaat om kleine of middelgrote deeltijdbanen, dus deeltijdbanen tussen de 12 en 27 uur per week. Vooral vrouwen met een voltijdbaan of een grote deeltijdbaan gingen minder werken. In tegenstelling tot vrouwen blijft 90% van de mannen evenveel werken als voor de komst van het eerste kind .Naast helemaal niet (meer) werken, komt dus het werken in deeltijd voor. Deeltijdbanen worden het meest uitgevoerd door vrouwen met kinderen. Bij 7% van de paren tussen de 25 en 49 jaar werken beide ouders in voltijd, terwijl 53% voor een combinatie van voltijd en deeltijd kiest. Vooral de middelgrote deeltijdbaan is relatief populair bij vrouwen na de geboorte van het eerste kind. Ruim 25% van de moeders werkte na de geboorte in een middelgrote deeltijdbaan. De meerderheid van de bevolking vindt dat voor moeders een deeltijdbaan van hoogstens 3 dagen het meeste ideaal is. Voor vaders wordt een werkweek van vier of vijf dagen het meest ideaal gevonden.Ouderschapsverlof wordt vooral door moeders opgenomen, namelijk 40% van de moeders tegenover 16% van de vaders. Ook is er een verschil tussen opleidingsniveau 56% van de hoogopgeleide vrouwen neemt ouderschapsverlof en 17% van de laagopgeleide en 33% van de middelbaar opgeleide vrouwen.Om zorg en werk te combineren zijn er verschillen de voorzieningen. De formele opvang zoals het kinderdagverblijf, gastouder opvang en buitenschoolse opvang. Daarnaast is er de informele opvang zoals het oppassen door familie of vrienden. Hoogopgeleide ouders maken vooral gebruik van de formele opvang en laag- en middelbaar opgeleide ouders maken iets vaker gebruik van de informele opvang. InkomenHet eigen inkomen van vrouwen is een stuk lager dan dat van mannen. Dit verschil heeft twee oorzaken de arbeidsparticipatie van vrouwen, zowel in personen als in uren, is lager dan die van mannen, en vrouwen krijgen vaak een lager loon dan mannen voor hetzelfde werk. In 2007 ontvingen vrouwen 56% voor betaald werk van wat mannen verdienden. Dit is hetzelfde als in 2003 en de inkomensverschillen zijn de afgelopen jaren dus niet afgenomen. In de grafiek staat het inkomen van vrouwen als percentage van dat van mannen in 2007. Er is te zien dat het inkomen van vrouwen altijd lager is dan dat van mannen, behalve in de bijstand. Dit omdat deze u itkering niet gebaseerd is op een eerder verdiend loon, maar op het type huishouding. Onder de bijstandsontvangers zijn veel alleenstaande moeders en die verdienen meer dan alleenstaanden zonder kinderen, daardoor is het inkomen van vrouwen met bijstand gemiddeld iets hoger dan van mannen met bijstand.Ook zijn er grote verschillen in de inkomensverdeling van mannen en vrouwen. Vrouwen hebben vaker een lager inkomen dan mannen, zoals in de grafiek hierboven (uit 2007) te zien is. Er is een piek bij de 9.000, dit zijn vooral gehuwde vrouwen met alleen een AOW-uitkering. Ook piekt de grafiek van vrouwen bij de 17.000, dit zijn voornamelijk bijstandsmoeders. Bij mannen zijn mindere pieken bij bepaalde inkomens en komen meer hogere inkomens voor dan bij vrouwen.3.2 Hoe is de situatie nu met vrouwen in topfuncties?Er komt steeds meer aandacht voor het aantal vrouwen in topfuncties. Verschillende organisaties en het kabinet vinden dat er meer vrouwen moeten komen in de top van het bedrijfs leven. Om het aantal vrouwen in topfuncties te vergroten worden verschillende maatregelen overwogen en sommige worden al uitgevoerd. Een voorbeeld hiervan is het Charter Talent naar de top, hiermee legden 47 organisaties zich in 2008 vast om concrete doelstellingen en een plan van aanpak te bedenken om meer vrouwen in topfuncties te laten werken. Ook wordt er gesproken over een quotum voor vrouwen in topfuncties. Het quotum zal inhouden dat in 2012 40% van de topfuncties bekleed moet worden door vrouwen. In het artikel FNV Quotum vrouwen in topfuncties van de Volkskrant op 2 April 2008 zegt FNV-voorzitter (Federatie Nederlandse Vakbeweging, belangenbehartiger van werknemers) Agnes Jongerius dat Nederland qua aantal vrouwen in topfuncties samen met Botswana ergens onderaan bungelt en dat zonder wettelijke verplichtingen het percentage niet zal stijgen. Jongerius vindt dat Nederland een voorbeeld aan Noorwegen moet nemen. In Noorwegen is namelijk een quotum ingesteld zodat het wetteli jk verplicht wordt voor bedrijven 40% van de functies in raden van commissarissen door vrouwen bezet te hebben. Jongerius vindt dat Nederland een soortgelijk quotum in zou moeten stellen. In Noorwegen is de instelling van het quotum vrij soepel verlopen en tot nu toe zijn de van te voren besproken nadelen nog erg meegevallen.Maar ondanks het gestegen opleidingsniveau van vrouwen en de aandacht van het kabinet en verschillende maatschappelijke organisaties voor het aantal vrouwen in topfuncties neemt het aantal vrouwen in deze functies maar heel langzaam toe. De eerste oorzaak hiervan is te halen uit deelvraag 2.1, namelijk dat de arbeidsparticipatie van vrouwen erg laag is en dat bovendien ook nog eens 69% van deze vrouwen parttime werkt. Deze 69% van de werkende vrouwen valt per definitie al af, omdat een topfunctie de werkuren van een fulltime baan eist en bovendien is er in praktijk geregeld sprake van overwerken. Uit onderzoek van de RUG blijkt dat dit de grootste belemmering is voor vrouwen om door te stromen naar de top. Bovendien wordt een carrireonderbreking vanwege moederschap op je CV gezien als minpunt. Een tweede oorzaak is dat het in veel bedrijven en organisaties standaard is om mannen aan te nemen voor de hogere functies. Er heerst een zogenoemde blanke mannencultuur waarin vrouwen de uitzondering vormen. Tenslotte zijn er nog oorzaken te noemen die vaak op gevoelskwesties gebaseerd zijn, zoals het gebrek aan vertrouwen in vrouwen en onderwaardering van vrouwelijke kwaliteiten. In 2007 werd 7% van de topfuncties van de 100 grootste bedrijven door vrouwen bekleed. Het streefcijfer van het emancipatiebeleid is 20% in 2010 en met een quotum dus 40% in 2012. Als de groei op deze manier door zal gaan, zal dit streefcijfer uiteraard niet gehaald worden, ook al zijn er de laatste tijd wel steeds meer plannen gemaakt zoals het Charter Talent naar de Top die wellicht invloed zullen hebben op een sterkere stijging van vrouwen in topfuncties.Het aantal vro uwen in managementfuncties in hogere en wetenschappelijke beroepen is hoger, in 2004 was het 21% en in 2007 27%. Van alle leidinggevende is 27% een vrouw, absoluut gezien zijn er 280.000 leidinggevende vrouwen en 768.000 mannen. Het aantal hoogleraren in 2007 is 11% en er wordt gestreefd naar 15% in 2010. In de overheid is het aandeel vrouwen onder hogere en topambtenaren gegroeid van 17% in 2006 tot 20% in 2008. Het streefcijfer voor vrouwelijke topambtenaren is 25% in 2011.Uit een onderzoek van het Centraal Bureau van Statistiek, onderdeel van de emancipatiemonitor 2008, blijkt dat het grootste deel van de bevolking vindt dat er te weinig vrouwen in topfuncties werken en dat dit zou moeten veranderen. Een meerderheid van de vrouwen en een grote minderheid van de mannen vindt dat het aantal vrouwen in topfuncties zou moeten verdubbelen. 4. Oorzaken van sekseverschil in topfuncties4.1 Wat zijn de oorzaken van het verschil in aantal mannen en vrouwen in topfuncties?Dat er een groot v erschil is in het aantal mannen en vrouwen in topfuncties, was te zien in paragraaf 3.2. In deze paragraaf worden een aantal oorzaken van dit verschil behandelt. Het is belangrijk om de oorzaken van de kleine doorstroom vrouwen naar topfuncties te kennen, omdat er dan ook meer gerichte mogelijkheden bedacht kunnen worden om het aantal vrouwen in de top te verhogen. In de literatuur worden de oorzaken van het verschil in mannen en vrouwen in topfuncties verdeeld in vijf soorten en in deze paragraaf zullen we deze vijf soorten ook hanteren. Per soort oorzaak zullen we de belangrijkste oorzaken noemen en uitleggen. De soorten oorzaken zijn als volgt ingedeeld2 4.1.1. Macro-economisch en sociaal-cultureel4.1.2. Organisatiecultuur4.1.3. Organisatiebeleid4.1.4. Persoonlijkheid 4.1.5. Loopbaan- en levensloopkeuzes. 4.1.1 Macro-economisch en sociaal-cultureelDe eerste oorzaak is dat het voor de niet of minst verdienende pardner vaak niet loont om (meer) te gaan werken, omdat het extra verd iende loon maar weinig bijdraagt aan het gezinsinkomen. Dit komt door de marginale lastendruk3. In Nederland is sprake van een progressieve inkomstenbelasting, dus wanneer men meer verdient, moet men ook meer belasting betalen. Ook zijn bijvoorbeeld de kosten van kinderopvang en de hoogte van een huurtoeslag afhankelijk van het inkomen, dus bij een hoger loon worden dit soort voordelen kleiner. Door deze marginale lastendruk wegen in veel gezinnen de lasten (het werken) niet op tegen de baten (de inkomsten), omdat de baten niet evenredig groeien met de lasten en dus zal de niet of minst verdienende partner niet (meer) gaan werken. De niet of minst verdienende partner is vaak de vrouw, want zij heeft gemiddeld een lager uurloon dan de man en het aantal vrouwen dat (tijdelijk) stopt of minder gaat werken is vele malen hoger dan het aantal mannen die dit doen. Doordat er in veel gezinnen hierom wordt gekozen om de vrouw niet of minder te laten werken dan de man, stromen er ook minder v rouwen door naar de top, omdat hiervoor een fulltime baan nodig is en het aanbod vrouwen voor topfuncties kleiner is.Een tweede oorzaak is dat het voor veel gezinnen lastig is om zorg en werk te combineren. Een voorbeeld waaruit blijkt dat zorg en werk lastig te combineren kan zijn is het niet gelijk lopen van school- en werktijden. Bovendien is er een gebrek aan goede en betaalbare kinderopvang, volgens SEO Economisch Onderzoek4. Ook is het in de Nederlandse cultuur gewoon dat Nederlandse vrouwen een deel van de zorg zelf willen doen5. Door deze punten blijven veel vrouwen (gedeeltelijk) thuis om voor de kinderen te zorgen, waardoor minder vrouwen een fulltime baan bekleden en het aanbod vrouwen voor topfuncties dus weer kleiner is. 4.1.2. OrganisatiecultuurMet organisatiecultuur wordt de cultuur in het bedrijf of in de organisatie bedoelt. Hier spelen barrires die vrouwen tegenkomen tijdens hun doorstroom naar de top en vooroordelen om vrouwen een rol. Voorbeelden van barrires die vrouwen tegenkomen tijdens hun doorstroom naar de top zijn het glazen plafond en de heersende mannencultuur in topfuncties. Het glazen plafond betekent dat mannen vaker mannen aannemen dan vrouwen en daardoor is het lastig voor vrouwen dit glazen plafond te doorbreken. Het glazen plafond wordt in stand gehouden doordat er vooral mannen op de hogere managementfuncties zitten en dus zijn het vooral de mannen die in de positie zijn om mensen aan te nemen. De heersende mannencultuur in de top heeft ook op een andere manier invloed op de kleine doorstroom vrouwen naar topfuncties. Naar mate vrouwen hoger op de carrireladder komen, komen ze in een steeds sterker wordende mannencultuur. Om zich te kunnen blijven handhaven, passen ze zich aan, aan deze mannencultuur6. Dit wordt vervolgens niet gewaardeerd, omdat hun vrouwelijk kwaliteiten hierdoor verloren gaan en ze nooit een beter man zullen zijn dan de echte mannen die al in deze functies aanwezig zijn. Ook wordt een mannelijke manier v an leidinggeven, dus een directe stijl van leidinggeven, door een vrouw als negatiever ervaren dan wanneer een man op deze manier leiding geeft7.Ook heersen er in de cultuur van bedrijven en organisaties vooroordelen om vrouwen. Er wordt vaak uitgegaan van stereotypen mannen en vrouwen. In het bestand Oorzaken van beperkte in- en doorstroom van vrouwen8 wordt door Karin Jettinghoff, Guurtje van Sloten en Cristel van de Ven (2005) het volgende over deze vooroordelen gezegd Stereotype denkbeelden over mannen en vrouwen (bijvoorbeeld vrouwen zijn zorgzaam, emotioneel en afhankelijk van anderen terwijl mannen onafhankelijk, besluitvaardig en charismatisch zijn) zorgen er voor dat mannen vaker uitdagende interpreted krijgen toegewezen dan vrouwen. Het uitvoeren van uitdagende taken is een belangrijke voorspellende factor voor doorstroom In Europa wordt het algemene beeld van de ideale manager vooral gekarakteriseerd aan de hand van mannelijke eigenschappen, als charismatisch, ambitieus e n ondernemend. Deze percepties maken dat men mannen vaak eerder ziet als geschikte kandidaat voor een leidinggevende functie dan vrouwen. (blz. 1)Hieruit blijkt dus dat de stereotype denkbeelden en vooroordelen leiden tot een kleinere doorstroom vrouwen naar topfuncties. Vrouwen worden door deze denkbeelden en vooroordelen minder in de mogelijkheid gesteld door te stromen.4.1.3. OrganisatiebeleidMet organisatiebeleid wordt het gevoerde beleid door bedrijven of organisaties bedoelt. Het gevoerde organisatiebeleid kan leiden tot een kleinere doorstroom vrouwen naar topfuncties wanneer er geen emancipatiebeleid wordt gevoerd, beloningsverschillen tussen mannen en vrouwen worden gehanteerd9 en wanneer er een gebrek is aan voldoende en kwalitatieve stimulatie van vrouwen door leidinggevenden10. Dat het ontbreken van de uitvoering van een emancipatiebeleid en beloningsverschillen tussen mannen en vrouwen leidt tot een kleinere doorstroom vrouwen naar topfuncties, spreekt voor zich. Met he t gebrek aan onvoldoende, kwalitatieve stimulatie wordt bedoelt dat wanneer ambities van vrouwen niet voldoende worden gestimuleerd, de ambitie van vrouwen daalt. Uit het onderzoek Ambitie kent geen tijd door Research voor Beleid in opdracht van TaskForce DeeltijdPlus blijkt dat wanneer je steun krijgt van je leidinggevende en bevestigd wordt in je eigen ambities, je sterkere ambities hebt.11 Dus het gebrek aan stimulatie van ambities door leidinggevenden, kan leiden tot een kleinere doorstroom vrouwen naar de top, omdat ambities van vrouwen dan worden weggenomen.4.1.4. Persoonlijkheid Op dit gebied komen de verschillen tussen mannen en vrouwen in persoonlijkheid naar boven. Lastig is om aan te geven wat op vooroordelen berust en welke persoonlijkheidsverschillen echt waar zijn, omdat dit ook weer van persoon tot persoon verschilt. Toch blijken sommige verschillen in karaktereigenschappen uit verschillende tests te komen en dus zal dit voor een groot deel van de mannen en vrouwen we l kloppen. Hieronder zullen een aantal verschillen in karaktereigenschappen behandelt worden om te laten zien dat ook dit invloed heeft op de doorstroom van vrouwen naar topfuncties. Vrouwen zijn minder onderhandelingvaardig. Dit wordt geconstateerd door verschillende onderzoeken. Zo ook in het artikel Wat houdt vrouwen tegen? op de website van intermediair12 (2004)Ze hadden misschien iets andere functies, maar het ging wel om banen op hetzelfde niveau. Het bleek dus dat de mannen hun salaris gewoon beter hadden uitonderhandeld. Vrouwen zijn bang dat flink onderhandelen ten koste gaat van hun relatie met de leidinggevende. Mannen hebben daar geen last van, die willen betaald worden voor hun positie, zegt Bhrs. Sterker nog mannen hebben waardering voor iemand die pittig kan onderhandelen. Ze zien het als een onderdeel van het spel. En daarmee raken we aan de provide van de vraag waarom zoveel vrouwen afhaken de moeite die ze hebben met het politieke spel op kantoor. Dat vrouwen mind er onderhandelingsvaardig zijn dan mannen, kan leiden tot minder vrouwen die doorstromen naar de top. Vrouwen zijn beter in minder zichtbare punten, zoals samenwerken en een goede relatie opbouwen met de tegenpartij. Mannen zijn meer gericht op het eindresultaat, vrouwen meer op de manier waarop dit eindresultaat wordt behaalt.13 Ook blijkt uit een onderzoek van psycholoog De Pater14, dat vrouwen wel ambitieus genoeg zijn, maar zich hier niet altijd naar gedragen. Vrouwen nemen liever niet te veel risico, waardoor ze uitdagingen vaak mijden, terwijl mannen ze juist opzoeken. Om hoger op te komen is het echter nodig om zo af en toe risicos te nemen en uitdagingen dus aan te nemen. 4.1.5. Loopbaan- en levensloopkeuzes. Het laatste soort oorzaak dat invloed heeft op het aantal vrouwen in topfuncties is de loopbaan- en levensloopkeuzes. De grootste twee oorzaken binnen dit hokje zijn dat er meer vrouwen dan mannen parttime werken en dat vooral vrouwen arbeid en zorg willen combineren.15 De keuze om in deeltijd te gaan werken, heeft een grote invloed op het wel of niet doorstromen naar de top. Een topfuncties eist minimaal de uren van een fulltime baan en dus vallen deeltijdwerkende vrouwen af om door te groeien naar de top, tenzij zij hun arbeidspatroon zouden willen veranderen. Ditzelfde geldt voor vrouwen die werk en zorg willen combineren.5. Quotum5.1 Waarom zou de overheid een quotum voor het aantal vrouwen in topfuncties in willen stellen?Bij de