My Best Holiday

Most of all I want to travel all around the world. I want to see new places and learn about different cultures. I love travelling so travelling around the whole world would be a dream come true. There are so many places I want to visit. I have been in 8 countries. One of them is England. I want to tell you about that trip, because it was a dream holiday. The trip lasted for 4 days. It was a girl trip, only me and my mum. We had to take the coast bus to Haugesund very early at the morning. We arrived Haugesund airport and took the plain to Stansted airport in London. I was very excited and had huge expectations because I had heard a lot positive about London before. When we took the bus from the airport to the hotel, I looked at the places we drove true. The houses were different from norway, a lot of them were made of brick. I could see already that london was a lot bigger than Stavanger. We came to a hotel, called Picadilly hotel or something, because the hotel was in a place called Picadilly sircus. Me and my mum were both tiard after the trip, so we decided to relax a bit this first evening. We took the sightseeing bus and looked at all the nice buildings, and for me who is interessted in culture (buildings, nature and so on) this was awsome. The bus trip lasted for about one hour. In the beginning of the trip it was light and we saw everything perfectly clear, we saw big ben, buckingham palace, and a lot of other increadable buildings. After some minutes it became a bit dark, and it was so nice to be on the sightseen bus, it was beautiful. A lot of light from all the buildings and bridges and so on. It was really an amazing journey just to sit on that bus. After that bustrip the clock was around nine/ten, then me and my mum walked in the streets of london and looked at the nightlife. The clock was ten and it was already so full of life in london city. So many different people, so many cool nighclubs, and so many cool stores. Ofcourse the stores were closed that late,but we looked forward to the next day, and the day after that, to do a lot of shopping in oxford street! I said earlier it was a girl trip so ofcourse we had to shop like crazy. That is one thing I connect with london, shopping! After we had seen enough of the unbelievable nightlife, we were very tiard, and went back to the hotel. We went to bed and slept as stones. The next day we woke up and ate breakfast at mc donalds acually, belive it or not. But well it is my favourite food. We took a look in the stores and we did some shopping, but we had the whole day tomorrow to shop, so we saved most of our money to the next day. This day we went to a museum called madame toussoud. I cant explain with words how much I liked that museum. Usually I think that museums are boring and not interesting, but this wasen`t boring at all, it was really cool. A lot of famous people made of wax. We took a lot of pictures, for axample my mum took a picture of me standing between prins Charles and prins Harry. There were also a lot of other famous people, like: Orlando Bloom, Will Smith, John Travolta, Bush, Adolf Hitler, among others. There was also a little room, in that room there were real people dressed in scary customs. I went inside with some other people, and seriously I was scared to death. A mummy came towards me, and all the other people was running away, but I was left there for a while, because the mummy wouldn`t let me go. That was so scary. I was screaming like crazy. After some seconds I tried to get away from that creapy mummy, but he ran after me. I reached the other people, then I felt a lot more safe. Then suddenly there came an arm out of the wall, that tried to reach me. Oh I was so frightened, even though they were just real persons with custums. When I finally came out of the room, I was shacking and my heart were almost jumping out. But I did laugh, and was surprised of how scared I was in there. After we had been to madame toussoud we went to an italian restaurant. There were a lot of good food there, yammi.. We went back to the hotel, changed some clothes and then we went to a musical. We saw the phantom of the opera. It was so fun. The people were so good actresses and good singers. And it was an experience too be there. The musical room was so beautiful, and people were dressed up very nice. The atmosphere was absolutly great! I really recommend going to a musical in london, its nothing like theatre at home, its thousands time better. After the musical we went to a cosy little bar. There we met some guys from Australia. I had a good eye on one of the boys, and we flirted a bit with each other. He came over to me and my mum and started to talk to us. He seemed like a really kind and handsome boy, Adam was his name. Adam and his friends asked us if we wanted to come with them to another bar, after some yes and no, we decided to come with them. We got to know them, and they were some great guys. Adam gave me his e-mail and wanted me to write to him the first day I got home norway. Me and my mum went back to the hotel. we got our beauty sleep and woke up the day after with butterflies in our stomach. Today was the big shopping day.. We tried to walk to Oxford street from our hotel, but we didnt find out were it was so we took taxi. It was so many stores, I didnt know where to start. We bought a lot of clothes, well I certainly did. My mum thought I was a crazy shopper. Well im a teenage girl, that may explain it. Our legs hurt afterwards, and we couldn`t wait to come back to the hotel. I had bought so many clothes that we had to buy a new bag to have the clothes in. When we had relaxed a bit on the hotel, we ate at a steak house restaurant. It was very expencive there, but the food was absolutely worth the money. We went to the cinema and we saw the break-up with Jennifer Aniston. That was an okey movie. Not the best, but still it was cool to be there and perfect when our legs were hurting form all our shopping. Then we went to bed. The next day we had to get up very early, around 5 o`clock in the morning. Then we had to take the taxi to the bus, and the bus to Stansted airport. We arrived at Haugsund aiport and took the coastbus home to Stavanger. We came home about 5 `clock in the evening. It was nice to sleep in my own bed again, but four days was definitely not enought. London was great. I would like to travel back at least one more time. This was my dream holiday, and it came true. I wonder where I will end up next time, maybe Cuba, Paris, Rome, Venize, Careabeen, and so on. Can bearly wait for the next trip. This london trip will be hard to beat, but we never know.

Love Is Not the Destructive Force in Romeo and Juliet

Love is not the destructive force in Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet, written by William Shakespeare, is considered one of the greatest love tragedies of all time. It is a play about two young lovers, whose love was destined for destruction from the beginning because of the hatred  between the two families, Montagues and Capulets. The force that leads to this destruction hate and lust, as opposed to love. One of the forces that leads to destruction in Romeo and Juliet is hate. Hate is a destructive force, when it gets stronger that love.Hate killed Romeo and Juliet, and their love. It did this through the feud between the two families. The two teenagers were killed because they kept trying to go around the feuding between their families and go on with their lives. Here they had underestimated hate, which is also a very strong force, when given into it. In this case the Montegues and Capulets gave into their hate for one another. An example of why hate is destructive and not love is a point in act 3, scene one. Romeo refuses to fight Tybalt because they are now cousins.He says: â€Å"I love thee better that thou canst devise, Till thou shalt know the reason of my love, And so, good Capulet, which name I tender As Dearly as mine own, be satisfied†. This is an action out of love. Tybalt is furious and, when challenged by Mercutio, kills him. This revives Romeo’s hate. He says: â€Å"Away to heaven respective lenity, And fire-eyed fury be my conduct now! † This makes him kill Tybalt. These are actions out of hate. Therefore the force that keeps from destroying here is love, and the destructive force is hate. Also, when love turns into lust, this can be destructive.Lust can be a destructive force, because when people are driven by lust, their actions get impulsive and hasty. This causes them to not think properly about what they do. That the actions of Romeo and Juliet are occasionally driven by lust, can be seen for example because Romeo wa nts Juliet yet when he has only just met her. The very first time that Romeo sees Juliet, he says: â€Å"Oh, she doth teach the torches to burn bright! It seems she hangs upon the cheek of night, Like a rich jewel in an Ethiope’s ear, Beauty too rich for use, for earth too dear.So shows a snowy dove trooping with crows, As yonder lady o'er her fellows shows. The measure done, I’ll watch her place of stand, And, touching hers, make blessed my rude hand. Did my heart love till now? Forswear it, sight! For I ne'er saw true beauty till this night. † He does not know her from the inside, but already wants to touch her because she is so beautiful on the outside. Lust destroys because this makes Romeo and Juliet act impulsive. When Romeo hears that Juliet died, he acts impulsive, and goes to her to kill himself.He does not think clearly the fact that he didn’t get news from Friar Lawrence, and also not about his love for his family. So lust is a destructive forc e when it overrules love. Furthermore, in Romeo and Juliet, love is not a force that destroys. When love overpowers hate, it is a source of happiness and welfare. There are many scenes in the play where love is a source of peace and happiness. Firstly, the love that Romeo and Juliet share lifts Romeo from his sadness over Rosaline. He states to Friar Lawrence â€Å"I have forgot that name, and that name's woe†.This love makes Romeo happy instead of destroying him. Love on itself brings good things with it. Love reconciles the two feuding families, the Capulets and Montagues who have been bitter enemies. During the story, love faces harder and harder challenges. At the end of the novel, the love of Romeo and Juliet is destroyed because hate has overpowered love. But at that same moment love overpowers hate because Capulet and Montague make peace with each other after seeing that  their children were so in love with each other that they sacrificed  their lives for one anoth er.This leads to construction, and not destruction, because the families will now work together instead of destroying one another. To conclude, love is a powerful force but not a destructive one. What is destructive is hate and lust. When hate and lust overpower love, this destroys. This is seen when the hate of the two feuding families leads to the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. When love overpowers hate and lust it can create new opportunities, such as the ending of the feud between the families.

Arguing Both Sides- Gay Marriage

The issue of gay marriage stirs up controversy, which makes it a national problem. Although some states, and many people, now accept gay marriage, gays still face many obstacles. Now that gay marriage Is allowed, the fight to legalize gay adoption grows. Even though the Idea of gay couples has become more accepted across the united States, gays adopting children remains a major controversial Issue. Occurring since American colonial times, adoption provides children for childless couples. Back then, adoptive parents were protected from dealing with infertility and acing the differences between being a parent through adoption versus being a parent by birth. Objections to adoption did not exist during colonial times as long as adoptive parents provided care and support for the child. Therefore, parents who properly care for adopted children were assured no judgment or speculation would rise. The primary objection to gay adoption today is that it goes against nature, which says the primary caregivers for children should be the man and woman who created the child. In cases where a child constantly switches to dfferent foster homes as pposed to a stable home run by a gay Individual or couple, a caring person must choose the latter. The only method of conception for human beings requires Involvement of both a male and a female. Gays and Infertile heterosexual couples turn to child adoption when wanting to start a family. Opposers of gay adoption believe that marriage without the potential to reproduce is a sin. Discriminants think that if you cannot reproduce naturally, you are not meant to have children. People against gays refer to the bible which says a man will be united to his wife. However, God created gays as well and anti-discrimination laws declare that gays and heterosexuals should be treated equally. As stated in the Declaration of Independence, all men are created equal. Adoption means to legally bring someone into your family and raise them like you would your own child. Adopting a child involves the creation of a parent-child relationship between individuals who are not naturally related. A childs best interests are the most Important factors considered during adoption. The type of person allowed to adopt children, however, continues to cause heated debates. In the essay Counterpoint: In Defense of Gay and Lesbian Parents, John Pearson provides support for gay couples wanting to be parents. Pearson is a novelist who was educated at Kings College School. The essay Point: Children Suffer with Same-Sex Couples, written by Lynn-nore Chittom and co-written by Geraldine Wagner, opposes what Pearson supports about gay adoption. Chittom is a self-employed freelance writer. Wagner is a graduate of the State university of New York at Fredonia, teaching sociology and technical and professional writing. Pearson states, A huge number of Americans that might make excellent parents are being enied the legal right to adopt (Pearson, par. 5). There are many different types of families In the United States. Some examples are as follows: step families, single parent families, and adoptive families and so on. Therefore, Pearson wonders why heterosexual families and Individuals should be thought to be able to provide better care and surroundings for a child than a gay or lesbian couple. Nearly 520,000 children await adoption in foster care, but each year only 50,000 find permanent adoption by gays could potentially raise the number of children who find a home. When making a decision on adoption, Pearson believes aspects like a familys lifestyle and ability to care for a child should be more important than the sexual preference of who wants to adopt the child (Pearson, par. ). On the flip side of the argument, Chittom talks about how children are best reared in environments with both a mother and a father, referring to the Fifth Amendment which clearly states Honor your father and your mother. (Chittom, par. 4). However, many gay couples form more stable relationships than heterosexual couples. Pearson opposes Chittom with he idea gays may be even better at child-rearing because gays are n ot raising a child conceived on accident, but rather one fought to obtain. Opposers of gay marriage strongly believe gay partners cannot care for a child as well as heterosexual partners. Meanwhile, activists strongly believe gay partners are able to care for a child Just as well, or even better than heterosexual partners. Whereas, sociologists and psychologists question whether or not children exposed to only one gender will be raised with a balanced understanding of gender roles and personal gender identity Chittom, par. 6). Children with a single heterosexual parent face the same situation. Even so, some argue children raised in a family with parents of only one sex are more likely to become gay when older. Gay adoption puts children who are already compromised from their experience in the foster care system at even greater risk of trauma (Chittom, par. 1). Pearson maintains there is nothing to support that children being raised in a loving family are harmed in any way by their parents sexual orientation. Pearson believes no child should be denied a home Just because of the exual orientation of the parents wanting to adopt.

Mexican Immigration to the United States from the 1800's to today with Research Paper

Mexican Immigration to the United States from the 1800's to today with a Minnesota perspective - Research Paper Example The paper will outline the reasons why they made their way up to Minnesota and hindered or helped the States. The border between the United States and Mexico stretches for approximately 3, 140 kilometers (1, 950 miles) from Mexico-San Diego. It was until 1809 when the Southwest now known as the United States would be added to Mexico. During the era, from 1810-1848, southwest became part of the independent Mexico. Between the years 1846 and 1848, the war of Mexico gained the southwest for Americans. The war ended by the Guadalupe-Hidalgo’s Treaty. Under this treaty, the United States promised to guard the rights of the Mexicans in America within the newly won Territories. The Anglo-American assimilation came into the new territory in the period from 1849 up to 1910. The year 1910 hitherto, the eras started with an immense immigration to the U. S. from Mexico. This migration was both illegal and legal. In the early decades, the arrival of Mexicans would be part of the vast migratory trend that incorporated many immigrants from the Far East and Europe. The Immigration of the M exicans continued gradually until the 1930s’ broad depressions. With the collapse of the economy of the United States, many immigrants would return to Mexico as many would be sent back by the government of the U.S. 1. In the years between 1910 and 1939, many Mexican Americans remained unassimilated, poor, rural, and Spanish speaking. In 1940s, Mexican Americans emerged as a visible and distinct social group within the United States. The civil rights movements of 1960s made the Mexican Americans take what would be rightfully theirs in the United States. This self awareness reinforced their continuous immigration to the United States. The Mexican American population changed from the rural to urban mode of life. As the city-dwelling marginalized group, they shared the problems with the rest of the poor in

How economic factors affect international businessConsidering this Essay

How economic factors affect international businessConsidering this make evaluation of the possible investment opportunities a - Essay Example For this paper, the economic elements to be discussed are Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Gross National Product (GNP), Human Development Index (HDI), Inflation, Deflation, Unemployment levels and Privatisation. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Evaluating the GDP of a country is arguably the best way to understand the dynamics of a country’s economy. The GDP as an economic indicator measures the total output of country. It is inclusive of everything produced by the people and all the industries in the country. The GDP of a country has an effect on global firms in that, a multinational company wishing to make new investments or analyse the performance of the foreign subsidiaries would use the GDP per capita to make comparison of the GDP of different countries. A country’s GDP gives a clear reflection of what the country’s output is and the GDP growth rate tells you exactly how fast a country’s economy is growing (Hamilton & Webster, 2012, p.79). A global firm wou ld thus make informed decisions based on the GDP. Although the GDP is a good indicator of economic performance, it has its fatal flaws. For instance, the output generated in a country from the underground economy is not accounted for in calculations. The GDP also ignores the productive non-market activities of a country. In addition, certain â€Å"economically bad† activities can increase the value of the GDP whilst at the same time reducing social welfare. This makes it an inappropriate measure of social welfare. Gross National Product (GNP) The GNP is also a measure of the country’s economic performance. It measures the total market value of the goods and services produced by within a country’s borders within a given time period (usually one year). Unlike the GDP measure, the GNP measures only the income supplied to the economy by the residents, whether at home or abroad. GNP can be a good measure for use by international businesses to measure economic growth but it can be misleading due to its shortcomings. Since GNP is a viable option for measuring overall demand, the GNP of a country can affect the levels of demand in a country and hence affect the performance of the global firms. Despite being an important tool in evaluating economic investment viability for global firms, the GNP statistic has its shortcomings. In measuring economic development, the GNP statistic may pose problems in that the exchange rates vary on a daily basis hence the real value of goods is difficult to estimate. The GNP also hides the wealth distribution in a country and reveals minimal information about the quality of life and social welfare in a country which are key aspects of the economy when considering a country as being conducive to conduct business. Human Development Index (HDI) The human development index is a statistical measure of the social and economic dimensions of a country. It is a composite measure of the economic and social welfare which incorp orates the indicators of life expectancy, educational attainment and income. This three main components of HDI are useful for global businesses seeking to invest in foreign countries. A good measure of HDI is a sign of good education and a healthy population with good standards of living. This in turn serves as a good market with potentially high demand to global businesses seeking to expand into such a country. The reverse being true. The HDI, therefore, can have a positive or negative effect on a business

Health Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Health Economics - Essay Example The studies conducted by Shadick and colleagues focused on assessing the cost effectiveness of the vaccination against the Lyme disease by developing a decision analytic model. However, the evidence gathered for such an experiment may be not being considered as robust as it may seem because the probabilities and costs used by Shadick and Colleagues were taken from the literature which may not be considered as entirely satisfactory as it may seem. Further, best estimates were used on the base case analyses whereas the ranges used in sensitivity analysis were considered as clinically plausible only. Further, the evidence for compliance and risk effects were taken from relatively newer and recent trials which may not have considered as entirely satisfactory and untested due to lack of time tested empirical proofs. Further the evidence for cost effectiveness and management of Lyme disease were taken from one study only and the dollar values were updated up to 1998 only which may not entirely be considered as entirely accurate and relevant. Based on the above, it may be easily inferred that the evidence may not entirely be considered as robust as it lacks in many areas which were conceptually not corrected/designed according to the relevant economic variables. Any health state rated between zero and one can be rated as death or equivalent and perfect health whereas anything below zero on visual analogue scale may be termed as worse than death therefore based on three given states of A, B, C at 0.1, 0.45, 0.8, we can assign a utility of death or equivalent because all the utilities are greater than zero but less than one. Therefore, the utility assigned to all three states are effectively representing one state because all three are less than one and greater than zero. Q#1(d) An incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) can be less than $40,000/- per quality adjusted year only if the persistence of vaccination efficacy is considered at three years. The traditional studies suggested that the cost effectiveness ratio, under two year time horizon of vaccination efficacy, the overall cost reach to $105,000/QALY. However, when this time horizon is stretched to three years, the incremental cost effectiveness ratio can reach up to $29,600/QALY. It is also important to note that Shadick & Colleagues took a radically larger efficacy period as in comparison to traditionally used. Q#1(e) With the increase in the vaccination cost by 100% i.e. from $150 to $300, the overall cost saving/QALY would decrease and the program would have moved up into the league table indicating smaller cost savings from the vaccination. The cost saving however is taken in terms of the costs averted while using the given vaccination. Q#2 Shadick and Colleagues considered a decision analytic model as one of the valid tools for making economic evaluation. Decision analytic tool is used when the intention of the researcher is to make justifiable and defendable decisions. Since, economics always involves a relative degree of abstraction therefore it sometimes becomes critical that such model for economic valuation is used which can provide researchers considerable degree of comfort while defending assessments made. (Arsham, 1994). Making comparison with earlier studies provide a peer reviewed evidence which can help researchers to take on the research

Analysis of Environmental Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Analysis of Environmental Issues - Essay Example This has led to a rise in the processes of energy production. The mining and burning of coal account for a few processes which are used for the purpose of energy production. The impact of coal on the environment is an issue of environmental concern. It serves as a threat to the environment owing to the production of hazardous substances which tend to alter the normal environment as well as lay effects on the health of the individuals (Finkelman et al 1999; Hill 2010). The burning of coal takes place in houses for domestic purposes in third world countries where there is the unavailability of gas. This is accompanied by the use of coal as an energy source for industries across the world. The process of coal mining precedes the process of coal burning. It is the procedure used for the extraction of coal. The processes of coal mining, as well as the burning of coal, lead to the release of harmful substances into the environment. These include carbon dioxide, nitric oxide and sulfur diox ide which are all harmful to the environment (International Labour Office et al 1994). Coal mining should be a regulated process and the sites should be away from places where people reside. Strict regulations should also be followed in these areas to prevent exposure to individuals. Ash should be deposited in safe sites where they are away from the water reservoirs to prevent contamination.

Scholarly Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Scholarly Argument - Essay Example Those who are against this form of union by marriage are of the opinion that it is religiously incorrect for individuals from same sex to get married, this form of marriage will lead to weakening of the institution of marriage, legal status of this form of marriage will be manipulated by those who are not even involved in this form of marriage, these marriages cannot be recognized a marriage because these marriages do not lead to formation of traditional family system, acceptance of this form of marriage will lead to a slippery slope and other issues will be raised and parents of the same marriage will fail to provide knowledge regarding the difference between male and female to their children. Thesis Same sex marriage should be awarded with legal status because it will lead to the wellbeing of the society as it has more benefits to offer to the society than costs on the basis of cost benefit analysis. Same Sex Marriage Should be legalized Introduction Legally, marriage has been defi ned as the union between two individuals representing different gender and is the eventual method through which partners express their affection for each other. The constitution of the US has not yet accepted same sex marriage as a legal marriage even though the society has accepted such unions. A change in the structure of families within the US societies has been experienced and a huge number of stakeholders are raising their voice in the support of such marriages. Similar gender marriages should be awarded with the legal status by the constitution of US because it is a discriminatory act to treat same sex couples and different sex couples differently by law, they even believe that this form of marriage is ethical as it has more benefits to offer than costs, these marriages have gained social acceptance, a few of the states have even legalized this marriage, legalization of same sex marriage will allow same sex couples to enjoy the same rights as different sex couples. Body Marria ge is a Worldly Act Groups that are religious in nature are of the idea that same sex marriage is against religion and is even equal to a sin as such marriages are against the will of God, the reality is that religion even supports love and affection and due to this such marriages should not be considered as a sin. The constitution of US has stated that under the 1st Amendment all individuals residing in US will be protected by law for their own religious views (Davis 158). Marriages are seen as a worldly act and if legality of marriage is based on religious grounds, policy makers are working against their own policies (Stevens 261). Illegal Status Deprives Couples from Legal Benefits There are several benefits enjoyed by couples when they get married, they benefit from different rules regarding taxation, insurance, ownership of assets rule of agency. Gay marriages even positively impact various judgments. Health care law states that only couples who are married are allowed to make decisions for each other and are allowed to meet each other if one of the couple is hospitalized (Luppino 79). Since gay marriages are not yet realized as legal, the couples

The four kinds of market-product strategies Essay

The four kinds of market-product strategies - Essay Example The four kinds of market-product strategies that organizations may follow depending upon the availability of their resources and requirements are: Same Market New Product (Product Development) In this strategy, an organization introduces the same product in the market that he is currently catering to. It is a type of product development that an organization does to retain and increase its potential customers by providing solutions that based on the identified requirement of customers. Same Product New Market (Market development) In this strategy, an organization takes the same product that it is currently dealing in to new markets, to turn its prospective customers into its routine and regular customers by identifying a need in that segment. It has much more to do with the identification of the right market segment and then offer them with the products from an organization’s portfolio. Same Market Same Product (Penetration Strategy) If an organization wants to cater the same market with the same product then it must have to follow the penetration strategy. It means organization will have to take the steps to increase its market share in the existing market and to follow strategies that will help organization to beat the competition. The most widely accepting activity that organizations do is to reduce the prices. The reduced prices will take the market share away from its competitors.

Managerial Economics Week 12 Individual Work Assignment

Managerial Economics Week 12 Individual Work - Assignment Example Incorporating secondary and intangible benefits and costs is an important analytical tool that can help project managers to account for the value added that arises from outside the project. The employment assumption in Detroit area regarding the benefits of the project is that the project will create more job opportunities for people. There is a positive relationship between employment rates in the region and the redevelopment project. There will increased income for resident of the area due to the project Without incorporating benefits in calculating the Benefit-cost ratio, the BCR equals discounted incremental costs. The project would be very costly to implement hence would not be desirable to conduct. The assumption is that the facility will lead to increased revenues from hotels and other conventional facilities. The assumption is realistic since the hotels would accommodate customers. Good customer services and accommodation are some of the core areas of the hotel facility that will generate revenues in addition to creating employment opportunities for people. Hotels generate Revenue from room rentals, food and beverage sales. Improving customer services, adding new revenue source and branding the hotel are some of the strategies that allow hotels to generate high levels of revenues (Rosehill, 2014). The desirability of the project slightly decreases even though the BCR value is less than 1. Reducing benefits from hotel facilities and excluding employment benefits makes the project less desirable for

Traditional Chinese Culture Essay Example for Free

Traditional Chinese Culture Essay Any business, its survival and development with its own cultural conditions and cultural environment are inseparable. Enterprise culture is the basis of survival, the standard of behavior, a guarantee of success. My article focuses on the traditional culture, Confucianism, Taoism two ideas on the positive role of enterprise culture, but also a brief analysis of the traditional culture of negative impact of enterprise culture. China’s enterprises in creating organization culture should absorb the essence of traditional culture, discard the dross, the traditional culture in building of enterprise culture to play its due role. Enterprise culture refers to the business philosophy, value systems, historical traditions and work style, performance for the whole spirit of enterprise members, common value standards, precipitation of habit, certain moral norms and culture quality. It not only can play the guidance and constraint role to the thought and behavior of staffs, motivate their creativity, enhance the cohesive affinity of enterprise, but also can be more clearly to distinguish this enterprise and the competition, so that it is convenient for consumers to identify enterprise, and then produce identity Enterprise culture is the foundation of the enterprise existing, criterion of performance, and the guarantee of success. The formation of enterprise culture theory began in the 1980 s in the United States. At that time, the whole international economic situation has undergone great changes, Japan in just 20 years, it became the world’s second developed capitalist countries from a defeated country, and became the major competitors of American enterprises, which makes people rethink the phenomenon deeply. After a deep analysis, in the process of enterprise competitions, is the enterprise culture makes Japanese rapid rise, is the enterprise culture plays a major role on Japans economic development. So the western business US-Led opens a wave create enterprise culture boom. When we explore the Japanese enterprise culture, and found that the Japanese enterprise culture was influenced by Chinese traditional culture. Therefore, when Chinese enterprise is creating the enterprise culture and improving competitiveness, in addition to learning and introducing advanced enterprise culture of eastern and western outside, still necessary to learn from Chinese traditional culture in the ideological treasure. Chinese traditional culture on the influence of positive aspect, about the positive influence of Confucianism and Taoism I The positive influence of Confucianism The representative figure of Confucianism is Confucius, Confucius thought often is used by the enterprise. There is a the father of the modern industry who is called Shibusawa Eiichi, he established the enterprise for the whole life, operated hundreds of business enterprise for example, Prince paper, Oriental textile, and Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industry, the enterprise has been founded more than one hundred years, they are still prevalent. How does he do the enterprise so well, Shibusawa Eiichi explained by himself, is the analects of Confucius and abacus , it is Confucian moral and interests are the interoperability of pursuit in the production and business operation, also the moral and economy are the one, or call justice, we consider the ethical moral when we aspire interest factors, we aspire interest factors when we consider the ethical moral. Confucian explanation and couterfacture explanation,made Confucian ideas gain the new strength. The analects of Confucius and the thought of Confucianism are very available for the enterprise culture construction in China, this article mainly from the benevolence, faith, justice and harmony several aspects to discuss Confucianism on the influence of the enterprise culture construction in China. The thought of Benevolence Benevolence, kindheartedness, benevolence is the core of Confucius thought, is the essence of the Confucian. the word of benevolence appeared. 109 times in The Analects of Confucius ,had a variety of explanation, one of the most common and the most important explanation is love the people, Confucius answered for several times when Xushen who is his student asked him, did explain: benevolence is intimate . In the business management of enterprise in China need to respect their staffs, understand them, trust and tolerant them, and care about them, thus it is effective that enterprises foster employees Loyalty and trust of employee, if the enterprise must consider employees, it can arouse the enthusiasm of employees fully. The thought of Trustworthiness Trustworthiness is words and deeds are the one, mentioned trustworthiness for many times in The Analects of Confucius; Analects  · government-funded said: people who have no faith do not have to recommend him, The Analects of Confucius ·YanYuan said people who have no faith do not have any space to stand . Faith is a neutral concept, does not contain the class, any person must stress trustworthiness when dealing with people and handling affairs, people who have no faith do not have to recommend him, people who have no faith do not have any space to stand. The enterprise must stress the trustworthiness to make the enterprise success. trust is the positive thought in the Confucian, also is the important model of exchange moral principle in China. It is worth for us to learn and use for reference in the enterprise culture construction today. Because the good faith, externally, first of all, good faith can greatly reduce transaction costs, improve business efficiency; Secondly, the good faith can set a good reputation for the enterprise to develop a broader market space, thus get more benefit. Internally, only on the basis of good faith, the internal enterprise can achieve the mutual trust, the harmonious interpersonal relationship of mutual understanding, then minimize the internal friction, give full play to peoples biggest potential. An entrepreneur with strategic vision should understand these: the enterprise survival is not a day or two days, but the long career. Some enterprise implementation of the principle of bad faith, they will be kicked out the fierce marketing competition quickly. The thought of Righteousness Righteousness is about the moral and socialist. Confucius said, One has not lived in vain if he dies after he is told of the way, the enterprise must set up the correct moral as their action creeds in the cultural construction, and fight for it. Especially, when the righteousness and interest conflict are contradicting, we must keep a clear head and the right values. Confucius said, a gentleman is always moral, vile people just focus on the only gain ( The analects of Confucius, benevolence ), Riches and position without are to me as the floating clouds, he also put forward the thought that Consider righteousness when seeing benefits. Advocate people to do it when seeing the righteousness, sacrifice for justice, pay more attention to the righteousness and be careless benefits, No matter what to do, dont forget the righteousness. Make personal behaviors conform to the righteousness and moral, and dont care about the utility or material interests. In the enterprise culture construction in China, should set up the correct merit as an important content, when making staffs consciously aware that stress justice, should admit that benefit of necessary, when meeting the pursuit of benefit, need to accept the constraint of righteousness. So, can achieve use the righteous to estimate benefits, With a moral to develop interests, adjust and regulate the action that the enterprises in the economic activity, and make the enterprise obey the law, legitimate the business in a correct way to make money, treating making money as a way, not a destination, Consciously let making money associate with the national prosperity and interests, do charity donations for the education, make benefits reward the society, embody the value orientation of traditional Chinese culture. The thought of harmony Confucian culture emphasizes harmony, Confucius said highly summarizes the basic spirit of ritual† harmony is the most precious is the history of several thousand years of interpersonal relationship, national culture, social relations’ traditional principles. Use the way of seeking more common grounds while reserving differences, to coordinate the part of peoples interests and requirements. To achieve the overall coordinating, harmony is the Chinese society long-term stability of the important cultural pillar. The Chinese nation strong cohesion also is the result of the tradition of harmony. For the enterprise culture construction is concerned, the relatively popular approach is using three harmony to manage the enterprise , three harmony s are harmonious people,harmonious objectives, and harmonious benefits, namely, the enterprise management need to make people relationship harmonious, enterprise production and environmental harmonious, the enterprise competition and cooperation get together organically . The Confucian ideas from different aspects in the construction of enterprise culture plays a role, is the enterprise lubricant of operation. Therefore, the enterprise should with extraordinary grand vision, pay attention to absorb excellent Chinese traditional culture reference to educate staffs and develop employees, make them love their work, solidarity and cooperation, the spirit of harmony, the competitiveness of the enterprises can strengthen. II The positive influence of Taoism The representative figure of Taoism is Laozi, Zhuangzi. The respectively writings are â€Å"Laozi â€Å", â€Å"Zhuangzi†. Enterprise culture construction can absorb reasonable nutrition in China. 1. The thought of â€Å"The nature of the Tao, govern by non-interference. † The Taos is the center thought of the Taoist . Laozi said The nature of the Tao, govern by non-interference. means things have its development rule, people should do something according to rules, shall not act just as you please. In applying the enterprise culture construction, firstly, the leader behavior should conform to the natural development rules, and set legal system according to the rules. Secondly, the enterprise should consider its own characteristic and the surrounding environment totally when involving enterprise reform, dont take it for granted. Thirdly, for leaders, should be good at stressing the important issues. the routine affairs are made decentralization to subordinates, so the duty and right are clear, exhaust its power each, leaders seem be at leisure, actually,the work is in the perfect order, it is inaction and without exception 2. The thought of Dialectical to things, dialectical at all things†. This is the Taoist thought and essence. Laozi thought, all phenomena are in opposition to each other, such as new and old, filled with failure, high and low, long and short, fortune and misfortune, and so on, and the opposite relationship is also can be changed. Focus on present enterprise, the market is like the battlefield, there is success,also there is fill, in the face of the fierce competition, the enterprises should have a clear understanding. When the enterprise is in the management difficult period, the enterprise should not be discouraged, through unremitting efforts, have the difficult situation improved and developed in the opposite direction , which is succeed; When the enterprise is in prosperity, also should recognize that the enterprises still exist some problems, which is likely to be hidden, and at the same time, the enterprise competition rises rapidly on barely detectable speed ,the enterprise will fall behind, even may be eliminated carelessly. The thought of dialectical to things to know things, manage the enterprise, is also one of magic weapon that many enterprises win the game to success or avoid arrogance and keep lead. 3. Thought of The beginning of crumbs Laozi thought, all the great things of the world, start from the trifle deeds. He said: The close columns are born in Baekho wood; the platform of nine layers of begins tired soil; A journey of miles begins with a single step. This has a great enlightening significance for enterprise culture construction. Each enterprise has one dream, the constant development and growth. In order to o realize this dream, it will have to start from scratch, however many enterprise doesnt do this, they are anxious for success, expect them to compare blindly, expand the scale recklessly, introduce foreign capital, ignore its own conditions, also regardless of what are the procedure and regularity, result in appearing management difficulty, funds are wasted, the increase in liabilities and so on a series of unhealthy phenomenon. The enterprise of world Top 500 enterprise, Which enterprise is not clear about the history of hundreds of years? Which enterprise does not rise abruptly based on its accumulated strength? Then they achieve the brilliant achievements. Taoism, broad and profound, it educate todays enterprise has dialectical view of success or failure, conform to rules to manage the enterprise in a thought of The nature of the Tao, govern by non-interference. , at the same time, look upon the business enterprise growth in a thought of beginning of crumbs, causes the enterprise to sustainable development. The negative influence of Chinese traditional culture. Everything is split into two, there is no absolute good or completely bad, when seeing the excellent traditional culture, also should see its negatives, here is the simple analysis of the Chinese traditional culture on the influence of negative aspect 1. The doctrine of the mean impartial, the maintenance arts of harmonic fold Wood show in the forest, the wind will destroy them, shoot the bird which takes the lead, these proverbs advise Chinese not to be the worlds firstly will affect the enterprise competition consciousness of first-class , also greatly affect the enterprise internal personnel selection, training and the use. Governor General of Canada, Wu Bingzhis father educated his kids, if you dont want to pick the stars in the sky, so you even the dust of the ground also cant get. In the age of globalization now, the business is more competitive, is full of risk, who is too timid and overcautious, everything is not dare to do it firstly, or competition consciousness is light , no desire to make progress, and do the industry in â€Å"muddle through †mind, Im afraid the enterprise is difficult to live forever. When former general electric CEO jack Welch talk about general enterprise culture, Had one well-known saying is competition, competition, and competition again. 2. How do you view the success or the failure. How to evaluate the person who often fails. No one dares to say that he will never fail. Modern scientific education research indicates that people learn from mistakes, so, to a certain extent, successful people are the failure of more than others. As a modern merchant, must be not afraid of failure, only the person is not afraid of the failture, who would know failure, will distinguish which is the success  through failure, which is the failure of forever, so as to avoid the failure in the key problems. In the traditional Chinese culture, the evaluation of a person is often not see who makes it so many things, but more is to see how many he made the mistake, against many people, how many times he has failed. In this standard, the kind of person who doesnt care no fame, only request no faults, the person who takes care of a good relationship is in the ascendant, but the person who has the big momentum, who is careless of the relationship, who plunges into the affairs often suffer more loss. Long-term since, the enthusiasm of employees will be hit, the harm to the enterprise is self-evident. 3. Pay more attention to the history, experience, authority and the thought of ranking. Dont know the ancient, no righteousness. I had passed a bridge more than the path where you had walked . A big officers saying is more virtuous than small officer, as if all the leaders are wiser than subordinates in all the problems . The experience of past, were not completely intact are used to guide todays real life, The experience of the past, were not completely intact used to guide todays real life, many experiences for todays often are only core thought about. Above in the role of thought enterprise culture construction, will only make enterprise feudal breath is strong, it is difficult to develop for the Long time. 4. The trend in thought, to pay attention to the metaphysical of the research, and neglected the physical quest, cause pay attention to traditional culture, neglect art bad tendency. In the Confucian culture dominant, formed a very bad idea: advocating principles, despised the skill, People has always attached great importance to learn the traditional culture. This kind of idea and further encourage the value of intolerance. The idea for the enterprise culture construction, easy to cause the enterprise just talking morality, no material technology pursuit, in science and technology is the first productivity of modern society, ignore technological innovation is dead, must avoid this narrow traditional culture. Overall, as the traditional Chinese culture running in Asian for the thousands of years, is a complex culture on both sides of the body. Speaking from the positive aspects, it plays the positive role in the construction of enterprise culture, is the enterprise culture innovation, the basement to continue to progress; Speaking from the negative aspects, it also can form the block role in the construction of enterprise culture, is a heavy burden of history. We should see the positive aspect, also need to see the negative aspect, take the essence and discard the dross in order to service modern enterprise culture construction.

British Airways Essay Example for Free

British Airways Essay In 1987, British Airways was privatised, and over the next decade turned from a loss-making nationalised company into The Worlds Favourite Airline a market-leading and very profitable plc. The strategy that transformed the company into a marketing-led and efficient operation was conceived and implemented by Lord King as Chairman, aided by Sir Colin (subsequently Lord) Marshall: two tough businessmen who confronted staff inefficiencies and so improved service effectiveness that BA was rated international business travellers favourite airline for several years in the 1990s. Lord King having retired, Lord Marshall became Chairman and was succeeded as Chief Executive by Bob Ayling, a long-time BA manager. Ayling set in train a strategy to turn BA into a global airline transcending the flag-carrier status (the role of a nations leading airline) it shared with Air France, Lufthansa, Swissair, Alitalia, Iberia into an airline with no national home operating throughout the world. The dropping of the overtly British heritage and associations was reflected in a changed brand strategy. Away went aeroplane liveries featuring the Union flag, to be replaced by tailfins bearing themed designs from around the world. This was to address the global traveller a savvy (mainly business) customer whose criteria for purchase were service levels, range of destinations, promptness not price. But the re-branding became a debacle. Customers, staff, alliance partners, shareholders and retailers (travel agents) all liked the British heritage and imagery and rebelled against the turn to an anonymous, characterless new style. Ayling also focused on cost-reduction programmes which antagonised and demotivated BAs staff and customers noticed the deterioration in behaviour of staff whose commitment to customer service suddenly plummeted. The upshot was that Ayling was ousted in a boardroom coup in March 2000. During his reign, a loss of 244m in the year to March 31 2000 the first since privatisation was recorded and the groups market value had fallen  by half. A New Face. In May 2000, Rod Eddington joined BA as Chief Executive. He was previously Managing Directory of Cathay Pacific and Executive Chairman of Ansett, an Australian airline. Eddingtons immediate actions were designed to restore profitability to BAs operations and to restore the Union Flag to BAs planes! He set about reducing the fleet, moving to smaller aircraft, cutting clearly unprofitable routes. He also targeted high-yield customers, the traditional mainstay segment for BA. Matching supply with demand was the overall concern, to restore positive cash flow. Strategically, BAs longtime search for a merger partner was resumed. A link with American Airlines, the first choice partner, was out of the question after US regulatory authorities squashed the idea. A proposed merger with KLM, the Dutch flag carrier, was discussed in some depth, but that foundered on doubts over the long-term financial benefits, and arguments over the relative shares each airline would have in the merged company. Low-Cost Airlines. Meanwhile, the airline industry was undergoing a seismic shift with the rise of low-cost no frills airlines. Ryanair and easyJet had, at first, demonstrated the existence of a new market for cheap airline travel which had not been tapped by traditional airlines. But then they began to expand and to compete for passengers that normally would have gone to BA even business class customers couldnt see the reason to pay  £100 for breakfast (the difference in price between BA and easyJet between London and Edinburgh.) BAs response (under Bob Ayling) was to form GO as a direct response to the no-frills competitor. Operating out of Stansted airport, GO was operated entirely separately from BA, so none of the high-cost culture was inherited. Launched in the face of vociferous opposition from easyJet, GO nevertheless established itself in the market though at what cost, no-one could guess. Rod Eddington soon decided that his focus on premium customers made GOs operations inconsistent with that of BA as a whole. GO was sold in May 2001 for  £100m to 3i, a UK venture capital and private equity group. GO was subsequently sold on to easy Jet for 375m. However, the driving of aggressive strategies from budget airlines is still forcing flag-carriers to re-assess their business models. The Outcome. For the year ended March 2001, Eddingtons steps had yielded a quadrupling of operating profits. Market share on key routes had been lost as cuts in fleet and routes bit, but BA believed it had lost customers who paid deeply-discounted fares. BA continued its vigorous pursuit of high-yield passengers. September 11th. So, all seemed to be going well. The brand was being restored, financial performance was improving and the only real problem was lack of progress on forming a partnership with a US carrier, prevented by the regulators. Then came September 11th, and the airline market fell apart. The consequences were swift passenger numbers fell 28%, US airports were closed for a week, Swissair, Sabena, US Airlines and nearly, Aer Lingus, went bust. Alitalia lost 570m, Lufthansa 400m. Altogether the industry lost 7bn and shed 120,000 jobs 13,000 at BA and passenger numbers are still running at 13% below normal on transatlantic routes. In contrast, passenger numbers and financial results at low-cost carriers easyJet and Ryanair were rising impressively. Then came Sars, the Iraq war and the continuing sluggishness of the world economy, all deeply damaging to passenger numbers. Strategy at BA was thrown into disarray. Current Strategy. With the travel market is still subject to global economic and political uncertainty, BA has repeated its forecasts for lower revenues. However, the fundamentals of this business are stronger than they have been for four or five years John Rishton, Finance Director, says BA is generating cash, and is conserving that cash. (FT and D.Tel. 6.11.02). The operational imperatives to cope with the turbulent environment are expressed in BAs Future Size and Shape initiative which is intended to: Achieve significant cost reductions. Originally targeted at 650m, the cost savings are now expected to save an annualised  £1.1bn over 3 years (FT 19.3.03). Simplified operations and minimal overheads is the aim. Cut capacity, to match supply of aircraft and flights to the reduced demand. Cut staffing levels. A further 3,000 job cuts planned for March 2004 have been brought forward to September 2003. Change BAs business model. Aware that no-frills competition is not going to go away, but that BA possesses a positive service heritage, BA wants to create an offering that combines the best bits of BA and the no-frills model. Martin George, BAs director of marketing and commercial development, explains our customers like the BA product convenient airports, high frequency, good level of service but want it at the right price, and thats what well give them. Its about changing our business model to allow us to compete profitably (Management Today, September 2000). Rationalise BAs internal UK and short-haul business CitiExpress has been formed from the activities of subsidiaries Brymon, BRAL, Manx and BA Regional. To stem heavy losses on this short-haul network, some rationalisation has been done it has pulled out of Cardiff and Leeds-Bradford airports, and will cut its current fleet from 82 to 50 all-jet planes by end-2005. However, it is expanding operations from Manchester, and from London City airport to Paris and Frankfurt. (FT 18.12.02). It is recognised that BA started to take the bitter medicine of cost cuts and restructuring earlier and in bigger doses than rivals in Europe and North America, and that Rod Eddington has pushed through changes that were long overdue. But is this enough? can BA wrest back the short haul market from easyJet and Ryanair, while maintaining its position in the longhaul market Strike! In July 2003, just at the start of the busy holiday season, BA was hit by an unofficial strike by Heathrow check-in and sales staff who were objecting to a hasty introduction of a swipe-card automatic clocking system. 500 flights were cancelled, affecting 100,000 passengers. The damage to BAs service reputation was enormous. Both management and union leaders were taken by surprise, and it brought to a head the existence of restrictive practices going back 40 or 50 years which both sides have to confront. Performance. Results for the year ending 31st March 2003 showed a pretax profit of 135 on turnover down 7.8% to  £7.69bn, up from a loss of 335 in the year to March 2002. The results included a charge of 84m for the planned ending of Concorde flights in October, and a fourth-quarter loss (January to March) of 200m. These positive results were entirely down to cost reduction. No  dividend was paid a consequence of the need to conserve cash. Operating margin at 3.8% is way below Eddingtons target of 10%. (D.Tel, 20.5.03, FT, 21.5.03). In the first quarter of the 2003-04 year, a pretax loss of  £45m was incurred the effect of the Heathrow strike was put at 30-40m. The business environment. However, Rod Eddington sees the furure business environment as very hard to read, but expects it to get tougher. 2003-04 was meant, according to analysts, to be BAs year of recovery, but it is not now expected to happen. (DTel, 11.2.03) A critical development is the start of talks between the EU and the USA to dismantle the web of regulations that have controlled the development of international aviation since the mid-1940s. Eddington, as chairman of the Association of European Airlines, insists that truly global airlines are impossible in the current regulatory environment. If it were left to the market, international airlines would undoubtedly follow in the footsteps of other industries and would seek the benefits of scale and scope that are currently denied them. A truly global airline..would be free to operate wherever its customers demanded, free to grow organically or through acquisition and free to charge whatever the market would bear. These talks are likely to be very long. However, it potentially offers the opportunity for an opening of the two biggest airline markets and lead to substantial consolidation of participants. (FT, 29.9.03). The takeover of KLM, the Dutch flag carrier, by Air France, may be the precursor to the consolidation expected. BA sees no threat from what is now Europes largest airline. D.Tel, 1.01.03).

Impacts of Globalization on Dell

Impacts of Globalization on Dell Globalization has had major effects on the corporate culture of DELL, in the global environment DELL has also benefited from the technological advancements. The drivers of globalization have improved the methods and systems of international transportation, dominating the international commerce, its impacts have been felt by dell. Technology has not only enabled DELL to enter into the world business, but it has allowed the worlds economy to be fused into a single point of operation which has enabled DELL to gain an interdependent system of operation. The world has transformed into a global village due to the help of the information technology which allows the companies such as DELL to shares new ideas. Technological revolution has no uniformity in its effect; it has assumed different forms at different situations depending on the forces which can be economic, political, or cultural. Technology is the key factor in the development of DELLs strategies. The source of technological advancements at DELL is due to the search for the increased economic efficiency and the desire to reduce the cost that the society has to pay for the availability its products. The purpose of the technological advancements is to improve the usage of the available natural resources through the gadgets such as those provided by DELL. Globalization has enabled DELL to improve its Productivity and the competitiveness, this is the function of knowledge which is generated due to the information processing by the globalized firms and the territorial organization into the networks of production, management and distribution, All of DELLs core economic activities are global since they have the capacity to work as an individual unit in the real time. Globalization has had major impacts on DELL, Many activities which were previously involved in the face-to-face interaction, or those that were local, can now be conducted across great distances. DELL has gone through a significant de-localization in its social and economic exchanges. Due to globalization, DELL has been de-localized, it has been able to adopted new technologies which involve interaction with its customers. The most strategic and crucial activities especially in the economic sector have been networked around the globalized system of the inputs and outputs.ÂÂ  What happens in local environment of a company is increasingly influenced by the activities of other global companies and the international systems which operate many miles away. For instance, an innovation in the worlds commodity and the money markets can cause a significant impact on other products across the globe.ÂÂ  Companies and international systems are increasingly becoming interdependent. Globa lization has a marked acceleration to the rate of expansion of the DELL which spans along with the significant improvements in the economic activities. The technological advancements enable DELL to tap new skills and new opportunities for employment of its workforce. This increases the ability of the company to run its activities effectively and carry out its financial obligations in a more effective manner. The technological advancements combined with increased rate of globalization increases the importance of developing the corporate culture, for economic necessity/social demands, and for resource availabilities which affects the scope and the pace of technological adoption in each industry and the consuming community. However, the technologies that have been described above appear to have the most promise for the significant global effects which are riddled with the uncertainty, with the progress in time, the unforeseen technological developments and its effects on may eclipse the economic or the political growth trends. Globalization may cause other trends with the technical challenges that do not have the significance in the global effects in the near future but can become significant with time. Due to the globalization DELL is facing stiff competition from its competitors, the leadership and the participation in the development in the technical area depends on the several factors, this include the future regional economic arrangements international and amount of the public and the private sector research for developments and capital investments. There are signs for a more stiff competition amongst the economic alliances, which increases the support for the global intellectual property protection, more globalization, and the division of the responsibilities for a faster growth in the technological front. Technology brings the benefits and prosperity to a company, it may sideline others and create new dimensions. Technology helps to alleviate some severe hardship, it will create real economic development. Those companies which are not willing or able to adapt to new technological opportunities may fall further behind. The market weakness of a product of a developing company due to the lack of the economic incentives will be insufficient to drive the acquisition of the new technology or skills. Many companies are threatened by the fact that the corporate cultures that have had long-term existence are threatened by the new ways of living which has been brought about by the technological advancements. DELL has seen the benefits of technology, this is partly due to the changes which are difficult to prevent. However the corporate culture of any company can preserve certain values and the cultural values which have an impact on the guiding regulations and protections which affect its technological development corporate social responsibility DELL is committed to the highest ethical standards, it does the right thing and operate with the integrity and transparency, DELL has build and maintained credibility and trust with its employees, the customers, partners, stockholders, and the community Dells global principles guide the company as it globalizes its operations, enters new markets, and expands its global employment base. Dells goal is to be a green company to the communities where its products are consumed. Its global principles are based on the corporate values and policies regarding the social and environmental stewardship as adopted from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the fundamental conventions of the International Labor organization, the International Organization for Standardization, as well as the experience of other corporations around the globe. The company is committed to using its unique direct businesses to model and make technology more affordable and accessible to people and all the institutions around the world in order to take the advantage of the tremendous economic and the social benefits of more technological advancements. To achieve its objectives. DELL has done the following; It has used its customer model products to bring affordable technology to both new and the emerging markets, as well as established new ones. It has grown its global employment base to tap the diverse ideas and new skills, this has increased its understanding of the global customer needs by bringing the desirable technology and new jobs to the world community. It has developed the global network of suppliers aimed at improving the performance and lowering the cost of its systems. To improve on its corporate social responsibility DELL has devised a direct way of working delivers ensures that value is delivered to its customers. It is also based on the distinct company values, this acknowledges the companys responsibilities to the following groups; Its employees; DELL treats all the employees with high dignity and respect a factor which provides the opportunity for all of its employees to succeed. Consuming community; DELL has strived to be an eco-friendly company which is responsible to the community and for environmental stewardship. Its global suppliers and their employees: DELL ensures that its acts are ethical and also encourages responsibility in terms of employment of the environmental practices from its suppliers. Dell has made it clear that it will grow its global operations and manage its expansion responsibly with respect to its corporate culture by observing the following; It will conserve the natural environment and protect all the resources of its host countries and the consuming communities. It will provide high quality jobs with good benefits through the employee training in the new communities, and provide the work environment which protects the health and the safety of the employees, customers, contractors, and the general public. It will always communicate its expectations to its suppliers and work in collaboration with its employees to promote high standards of work and behavior. It will maintain respect to the laws, values and the culture of its host countries. Ensuring positive contribution to the community, both individually and organizationally. As a competitive employer DELL provides the following; Meaningful working conditions characterized by a safe, secure and very healthy environment, high quality jobs with very competitive benefits, Job opportunities for further training and professional advancement which is open to every employee, Reward its employees based on the performance results and their contribution both to its business and the community, it will create a workplace which values diversity. DELLS approach to diversity is mainly defined by its recognition of both the similarities and differences in addition to its inclusiveness, respect and the corporate culture which allows the individuals to make positive contribution to their potential. In cases where DELL will establish its business in the new locations, it will give maximum support to the local authorities in order to provide jobs and create numerous employment opportunities through the following It will create new opportunities for its qualified individuals that are either unemployed or underemployed; It will provide the ongoing on-the-job training programs and the professional growth opportunities. Instill a culture of the best performers does best Develop a breed of knowledgeable the workers. Address the digital divide through the provision of the community-based education to the youths. It will ensure minimized disruptions to its employees in case their jobs are changed, if they have been relocated or eliminated as Dell builds the global presence by Providing fair notification in regard to the employment changes, Strive by retaining and placing the employees with good performance by promoting them to new positions in the company, Work closely with the stakeholders in order to ease the transition from Dell to the next employment opportunity for employees who prefer to seek career opportunities outside of the Dell company. Seek to ensure that any disruption caused to the communities in which Dell employees experiences job changes is minimized. DELL is determined to ensure that its suppliers around the world understands and embraces the high standards of ethical behavior by treating their employees with high dignity and respect, its therefore a requirement that all the suppliers should partner up and adhere to Dells supplier principles or the industrial principles as outlined in the Electronic Industry Code of Conduct. To achieve this DELL will play an active role in the industrial group developing and the promotion code of Ethics. It will also continually solicit and make reviews for the feedback of the stakeholder organizations. DELL will also work with the local authorities in every region of its operation and stakeholders to by understanding the community priorities and draft means of how it can play the role of addressing the community environmental issues. It will make it possible for its employees to make the difference in the community affairs through volunteerism and support of the non-profit organizations. DELL ensures faster response in the case of the natural disasters. It has also Leveraged its Foundation and its corporate commitment to equip the youths for the digital economy. Environmental influences on DELL its ability to achieve its objectives and deal with competitors. Environmental factors have both positive and negative impacts on the industry and the market growth potential of the product/service. The following environmental factors affect the global operations of DELL, The Government actions Government actions, be it current or under consideration have on several occasions affected DELL by either supporting or detracting its strategy. This is in the consideration of the subsidies, safety, efficacy and the operational regulations, the licensing requirements, restrictions to the access to materials and the price controls. The demographic changes, anticipation in the changes of the demographic environment also impacts to the growth of the potential of the industry and the market.The emerging technology, the technological changes may not favor the actions of DELLs enterprise. The cultural trends, the cultural changes such as the fashion trends and the life style trends may not support DELLs offering to penetrate the market. DELL operates within the larger framework of the external environment which shapes the opportunities and poses the threats to the companies. The external environment is a conglomeration of complex, and rapidly changing institutions and the forces that affect the organizations ability to serve the customers. The external forces are not controlled by the organization; these forces may be greatly influenced or affected by the organization. Therefore, it is necessary for the Companies such as DELL to understand the environmental conditions because they affect their strategic decisions. The external environment has major impacts on the determination of DELLs marketing decisions. This organization can be successful if it scans its external environment in order to respond to the profitability to of its needs and the target market trends. To adopt into the marketing, it requires the company to provide greater customer values as compared to its competitors. It is impossible for an organization such as DELL to develop a very strong competitive position and strategies without the knowledge of its competitors in terms of their strengths and weaknesses. In view of this three levels of competition have been identified to exist. This include; Direct competitors which are the firms competing for the same customers with the similar products, Product competition which involve the substitute products, and Competition at the level of the consumers purchasing power. Pure competition involves many firms, with each selling identical products, but neither of them is powerful. The monopolistic competition has many firms which are selling slightly differentiated products. Oligopoly is a very small number of firms selling its products, it can act collusively. Monopoly is where a single firm sells in the market for without the substitutes. DELLs economic environment is made up of the factors that affect its consumer purchasing power and the spending patterns. The economic factors include the business cycles, inflation rates, unemployment levels, the interest rates, and the amount of the income. The Changes in the economic variables have significant impacts on the marketplace. For example, the income affects the consumer spending which in turn affects the sales for the organizations. Demographics factors identify the marketers their current and potential customers, the location of the customers, and how many customers are able to buy what the marketers are selling. Generally, Demographic factors involve the human populations in reference to size, density, the location, age, sex, race, the occupation, and other statistical aspects. The Changes in the demographic environment can affect DELL by resulting into the significant opportunities and the cultural threats which presents themselves to the organization. The major trends for the marketers in the demographic environment may include the worldwide population explosion, changing of the age structure, ethnic groupings and the educational mix, the emergence of new types of households; and the geographical shifts in the population. The Social/cultural forces are somehow difficult and uncontrollable variables to predict. It is therefore of great importance for DELL as the marketers to understand and appreciate all the cultural values of the environment under which they operate. The cultural environment consists of the forces which affect the societys basic values, its perceptions, and the preferences, the values and beliefs which include equality, level of achievement, the youthfulness, efficiency, the practicality, the self-actualization, freedom, the humanitarianism. The changes in the social/cultural environment tend to affect the customers behavior, which in turn affects the sales of the products. DELL being the producer of electronic gadgets it must be aware of the trends in the cultural environment including the individual changes in personal views of themselves, and the world around them and the movement towards the self-fulfillment. The aim of this section of the paper was to examine the environment and its effects to DELL, the ecosystem refers to the natural systems and the resources that are needed as the inputs by the marketers or affects that the marketing activities have. The environmental concern about the physical environment has been intensified due to the climatic changes. The environmental consciousness is significant to DELL to the sensitivity associated with the electronic waste disposal. To avoid the shortages in the raw materials, DELL can make use of the renewable resources (such as forests) and alternatives (such as solar and wind energy) for nonrenewable resources. It can also limit the energy consumption of its products by increasing the efficiency. DELL can also built Goodwill by voluntarily engaging in the anti-pollution activities and the conservation of the natural resources. Dell will help protect the natural environment by: Considerations on how it will devise the means for minimizing the environmentally sensitive materials, optimization of energy consumption by its products, and promotion of the dematerialization in its product designs. Minimization of the environmental impacts on the communities where DELL has its facilities can be achieved by the implementation of the programs which reduce the wastes, enhance the conservation of the resources, and prevent the pollution. DELL also provides the easy and affordable recovery of the solutions for end of life products from its customers, including the re-use program which benefits the non-profits and the underserved communities. DELL also prohibits the export of the electronic waste to developing nations. Dell adheres to the stringent standards for the product safety to protect its customers. DELL has also revised its policies to protect the critical technology by complying with all laws as laid down by the United States and those of other countries which concerns the imports or exports of the products/ services, the software packages and technology, this also includes the regulations which restrict the sale of the advanced technologies to rogue or organizations. (Peter, 2011) Dell respects its customer privacy all over the world through the restricting the collection, storage and illegal use of personal details or private information to specific the purposes such as the processing of purchases, provision of the services and support, and the sharing of its products/service and its news with the customers.

Statement of Educational Philosophy Essay -- Education Teaching Teache

Statement of Educational Philosophy During my public school years, I played practically every role possible in the classroom. At one time or another, I was the most popular student, the kid everybody picked on, the genius, the dummy, the teacher’s pet, and the student that the teachers wished would stay home. After playing all these different roles, I’ve come to the conclusion that each one is needed for a well-rounded classroom. Each has something special and significant to offer to the classroom. I think that these students should be allowed to interact and influence each other in order to broaden their overall thinking. No one’s ideas should be disregarded or thought less of than anyone else’s, as is common place in many public schools these days. If the teacher, who is usually the one disregarding these ideas, would just take the time to listen, they too might learn something new or exciting. This is the reason I want to become a teacher. As you might suspect, I am a big believer in progressivism. While I do expect students to learn and build upon the basic skills taught in school (reading, writing, arithmetic, etc.), I also think that learning how to think for one’s self and learning to work with others is highly important and under stressed. As the leader in the classroom, I will design projects for the students to do, in which group cooperation is a necessity. Quite often, the students will be working in groups, as long as they are working toward the goal that they are supposed to be working toward. I will, however, monitor these group projects, in order to make sure that everyone is doing their part in the group effort. I think this will introduce two important qualities in life; t... ...e curriculum and that that I am expected to incorporate them into my lesson plans. I will do so, but probably in a different way than most other teachers. My overall goal as a teacher is to do my best to ensure that every student is prepared for the next grade level and beyond. As I said earlier, every student has something different to offer the classroom, but the classroom should have only one thing to offer each student; success. Success doesn’t just meaning receiving good grades though. Success could be improving behavior in the classroom or overcoming a social problem. Some students will have no problem with achieving this success, but for others it will be a real struggle. It is for these students, that I will not be satisfied with my efforts until I see that I have made an impact and, if nothing else, have put them on the road to success. Statement of Educational Philosophy Essay -- Education Teaching Teache Statement of Educational Philosophy During my public school years, I played practically every role possible in the classroom. At one time or another, I was the most popular student, the kid everybody picked on, the genius, the dummy, the teacher’s pet, and the student that the teachers wished would stay home. After playing all these different roles, I’ve come to the conclusion that each one is needed for a well-rounded classroom. Each has something special and significant to offer to the classroom. I think that these students should be allowed to interact and influence each other in order to broaden their overall thinking. No one’s ideas should be disregarded or thought less of than anyone else’s, as is common place in many public schools these days. If the teacher, who is usually the one disregarding these ideas, would just take the time to listen, they too might learn something new or exciting. This is the reason I want to become a teacher. As you might suspect, I am a big believer in progressivism. While I do expect students to learn and build upon the basic skills taught in school (reading, writing, arithmetic, etc.), I also think that learning how to think for one’s self and learning to work with others is highly important and under stressed. As the leader in the classroom, I will design projects for the students to do, in which group cooperation is a necessity. Quite often, the students will be working in groups, as long as they are working toward the goal that they are supposed to be working toward. I will, however, monitor these group projects, in order to make sure that everyone is doing their part in the group effort. I think this will introduce two important qualities in life; t... ...e curriculum and that that I am expected to incorporate them into my lesson plans. I will do so, but probably in a different way than most other teachers. My overall goal as a teacher is to do my best to ensure that every student is prepared for the next grade level and beyond. As I said earlier, every student has something different to offer the classroom, but the classroom should have only one thing to offer each student; success. Success doesn’t just meaning receiving good grades though. Success could be improving behavior in the classroom or overcoming a social problem. Some students will have no problem with achieving this success, but for others it will be a real struggle. It is for these students, that I will not be satisfied with my efforts until I see that I have made an impact and, if nothing else, have put them on the road to success.

Poor Richards Almanac Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First published by Benjamin Franklin in 1732, â€Å"Poor Richard’s Almanack† was a guide to both weather forecasts and wise sayings. Franklin used the pseudonym Richard Saunders in writing the text, which became an annual publication up until 1757. Response to the almanac was tremendous, and it sold as many as 10,000 issues a year. Second only to the bible, â€Å"Poor Richard’s Almanack† was one of the most popular and purchased publications in colonial America. The almanac stressed the two qualities Franklin found to be essential to success, industry and frugality. Benjamin Franklin wrote this in hope of having a positive effect on the colonies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Franklin wrote â€Å"Poor Richard’s Almanack† as a service to the American people, hoping to educate them and entice their intellectual cravings. Since it was extremely common for the almanac to be the only publication a person ever purchased, Franklin felt indebted to write as much as he possibly could. This important publication opened the discussion of many important issues people did not previously think about in their daily exchange (Giblin 24). From guidance on friendship to a prediction on the season’s weather, â€Å"Poor Richard’s Almanack† was a must-have on every colonists list.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Poor Richard’s Almanack† contained advice and readings having to do with many various subjects including women, marriage, economy, servants, wit, law, food, security, wealth, vi...

Use of Monetary Policy and Fiscal Policy During The Great Recession Ess

How can monetary policy and fiscal policy greatly influence the US economy? Keynesian economics says, â€Å"A depressed economy is the result of inadequate spending .† According to Keynesian the government intervention can help a depressed economy through monetary policy and fiscal .The idea established by Keynes was that managing the economy is a government responsibility . Monetary policy uses changes in the quantity of money to alter interest rates, which in turn affect the level of overall spending . â€Å"The object of monetary policy is to influence the nation’s economic performance, as measured by inflation†, the employment rate and the gross domestic product, an aggregate measure of economic output. Monetary policy is controlled by the Central Bank and influences money supply . Fiscal policy uses changes in taxes and government spending to affect overall spending and stabilize the economy. When lowering taxes the people have more to spend then the government decreases spending and the economy slows down therefore the economy stabilizes. The objective of fiscal policy is the governments’ typical use fiscal policy to promote strong and sustainable growth and reduce poverty. During periods of recession congress has the option to decrease taxes to give households more disposable income so they can buy more products. Therefore, lowering tax rates increases GDP. The steady growth of inflation in 2007 and 2008 suggest that the Federal Reserve applied discretionary powers to avoid tightening. Tightening is inflation growing too fast. In 2009 the feds needed to be concerned about the deflation because the average inflation rate dropped to -.4%. Inflation tends to follow movements and they are closely related to the business cyc... ... Okun, A. 1962. â€Å"Potential Output: Its Measurement and Significance.† in Proceedings of the Business and Economic Statistics Section, American Statistical Society. Washington, DC: American Statistical Association. Phelps, E. 1994. â€Å"The Origins and Further Development of the Natural Rate of Unemployment,† in R. Cross (ed.), The Natural Rate Twenty-Five Years On. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Romer, C. and J. Bernstein. 2009, â€Å"The Job Impact of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Plan.† January 10. Available at: http://otrans.3cdn.net/45593e8ecbd339d074_l3m6bt1te.pdf Skidelsky, R. 2001. John Maynard Keynes, Volume Three: Fighting for Britain 1937–1946. London: Macmillan. Tcherneva, P. 2011. â€Å"Permanent on-the-spot job creation—the missing Keynes Plan for full employment and economic transformation.† Review of Social Economics, forthcoming.

Balancing The Christian Life Revision2

Christianity is more than just a religion that one gets into. Rather, it is a relationship between God and the believer. And as Charles Ryrie has pointed out in his book, â€Å"Balancing the Christian Life,† that like all relationships, the Christian life of a person grows, develops, and matures from one that was less spiritual to one that is spiritually genuine and wholesome. But the Christian life is a journey until one achieves genuine and wholesome spirituality.And Ryrie intended to reach Christians become better Christians by presenting biblical concepts such as spirituality, man, the old and the new life, and the unity with Christ. He goes on to discuss the personal responsibilities of Christians, and a third part which deals with some practical problems faced by Christians such as being filled with the Spirit, temptation and the Devil, forgiveness and confession, being legalistic, tongues, and Christ’s seat and lordship over one’s life.To me, every chapter of the book was interesting only that I wish more life applications and examples could have been incorporated by the author. Without such applications and examples, the book struck me more of a mere discussion or lecture material about biblical concepts, the Christian’s responsibilities, and the problems every Christian is bound to encounter later in his or her Christian life. The life applications and examples could help readers of the book relate more to what is being discussed by the author, and this could help readers grasp and gain a deeper understanding of the texts.In addition, the topics of the book could have been written more extensively with less biblical jargon for the benefit of new Christians. This is because the topics and the discussions of the book are very good sources of information, especially for the new Christian to be renewed and strike a balance between spirituality and life in this world. Moreover, the book can help Christians become more established in the faith, in the Word and in the Church.If new believers are not properly and promptly established, they might not make it in their Christian life. Had the topics been discussed at length and with practical life applications and examples, most readers would be edified for the topics were designed to minister, edify, and equip the believer and strengthen his faith by applying the concepts and properly taking hold of the responsibilities cited by the author. In essence, however, the book was okay.I particularly liked the author’s discussion about understanding man’s salvation: man’s original sin, the results of sin, and God’s solution for sin. His initial message moves readers about sin and redemption. Basically, the author pointed out that, before we can understand salvation and appreciate the fact that Jesus is our Savior, we must first understand why man needs a savior and what it is that men need to be saved from. In short Ryrie tells us that we mu st understand the seriousness of sin and its eternal consequences.He goes on to tell us that all sin is rebellion against the holy nature of God, hence, because of sin, man is separated from God and doomed to an eternity away from His presence. Because God is holy and just, he cannot let sin go unpunished. But because He is love, He desires to redeem His creation. So in order to be just and justifier at the same time, God sent His son to earth to pay the penalty for man’s sin. Hence, because of the blood of Jesus, we have been justified. Justified means â€Å"just-as-if-I’d† never sinned.In other words, God not only forgives sin, he lets us start all over with a clean slate, just as if we’d never sinned. This new start is not because of our good works but because of the blood of His son. I also liked the discussions regarding spiritual gifts and how we must use them; the wiles of the Devil; and the power of confession and of forgiving. I think Ryrieâ€⠄¢s book may be a very helpful reading material, although a new version may be written to make the texts more significant and applicable especially for those who’ve just begun their Christian walk.

Counsello

Kenya Association of Professional Counsellors School of Counselling Studies MA IN COUNSELLING STUDIES Please fill in all details and attach to every assignment you complete. Student’s Name:Dorcas Adoyo Mwinda Date of Submission: 30th October 2009 Assignment: (please tick appropriate box)1 2 Module 1‘Exploration in Counselling’ Module 2: ‘Understanding in Counselling’ Module 3: ‘Integration in Counselling’ Module 4: PracticumVideo Evaluation Module 5 ‘Research Methods’ Module 6 ‘Dissertation’ Title of Assignment: The Appropriateness of Person centered Approach in Sub-Saharan Africa Comments: (please tick appropriate box) First Internal Examiner Second External ExaminerSecond Internal Examiner External Examiner Recommended Result:Percentage:Level (MA/PG Dip) Name of Examiner:Elias Gikundi Signed:Date: TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLEPage No. Introduction2 What is person centred Approach3 View of Human nature3 Congruence5 Unconditional Positive Regard6 Empathic Understanding6 Concepts exposed in person- centred Approach7 Values exposed in person centred approach9 Effectiveness of Person Centred Approach in Sub-Saharan Africa11 Conclusion13 References14 INTRODUCTION Counselling has been perceived as an advice in many sub- Saharan African countries and also the fact that there are many counselling approaches which are used; it has even become more confusing for people to understand. But due to different experiences we face in African countries like tribal clashes, culture differences, Poverty, political instability, racism, unemployment, HIV/AIDS and many others counselling was introduced from the western culture to provide healing to the affected and infected people, and thus person centred approach was adopted because it helps deal with individual feelings, which would help the readjust back to the surrounding both literally and psychologically. Person centred approach is one among the other counselling approaches used in sessions which I am sure that it is not well known in sub Saharan African. In this paper, I am going to going to discuss on the relevance of person centred approach in sub- Saharan African and also examining in Kenyan concept. In summing up I shall give my conclusion on what I think or feel about the topic am writing about. WHAT IS PERSON CENTRED APPROACH? Person centred approach championed by Carl Rogers in the 1930s and 1940s. This approach assist clients to listen to their feelings and inner voices and in doing so clients can learn to do better in their own, (Nelson, 2001). Since we are aware what it is all about then the question is ‘how does it view human beings†? VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE Rogers (1961) says that person centred approach view human beings as having the ability to steer the course of their lives, if offered in a relationship the core conditions. Rogers (1967) also states that to be self which one is truly is, is more than an attainable goal of person centred therapy, but a key aspect in the process of becoming a fully functioning person. I do agree with Rogers because, this therapy does not allow a client to talk about others but brings the client to self and dealing with what is affect him or her now. In person centred approach human nature is seen as basically social so that human beings are by nature protective, caring, compassionate and understanding towards each other, (Mearns et al. 1988). He argues that the dependence of human infants and interdepence of adults’ points in the same direction as does the inmate capacity to infer imaginatively the experience of others. According to Bozarth et al. (1986) person centred approach has the belief that all human beings have within them the innate capacity to grow towards their own unique fulfilment (or to move towards self actualisation). I personally feel that despite all cultural impact on us, environmental factors and values that are being imposed on us, we still have the drive towards self actualisation and also discover within ourselves the capacity of growth, and therefore whatever we do, we are the people who knows what is right and wrong for us but not others. Rogers (1951) emphasises that an accurate concept of self is crucial for healthy development, he stated that a long with a realistic self concept goes a realist perception of reality and situation in which the individual finds himself or herself in. ( Kirschenbaum et al, 1989). My contention is that the aim of life as it is called by Rogers â€Å" to be that self which one is truly is† has been on philosophical minds for centuries and to date individuals are still wrestling with the very concept of being true to self. Corey (2001) underscores the same when he says that person centred therapy puts emphasis on concepts of freedom, choice, values, personal responsibility, autonomy, purpose and meaning. Despite this approach emphasizing on individual development, in some sub Saharan African countries (Kenya being one of them) personal development is seen as selfish and importance is cultural value of the common good to individuals. If we are to be more explicit about our culture, which is what we propose, it is important for the therapist to be visible in terms of their value system or â€Å"African view† beliefs and standing in the community. This allows therapists to be clear in and about their relationship with clients and offers the client the safety that the therapist is not a detached remote or mystical figure but an accountable member of the community. Person centred approach is perhaps the only theory to take predominately a good animal view of human nature. For Rogers the actual tendency in humans is positive and it only become negative to the extent that it is blocked and frustrated by environmental factors. While going through the view of human nature by person centred theory I realised that there are core conditions which are necessary in this approach which acts as guidance in counselling session. Like wise Green (2002) suggests that the presence of core conditions in the therapeutic relationship can set in train a directional process towards being more true to one self. So what are these core conditions? Congruence Rogers (1961, pg 61) defined therapist congruence as: by this we mean that the feelings the therapist is experiencing are available to him, available to his awareness and he is able to live these feelings a, be them and able to communicate them if appropriate . awareness involves the therapist awareness of their own culture and themselves in relation to it and indeed to the world. Congruence enables a therapist to come to terms with their position in society and the predicaments of life in relation to culture. It is useful in a session because it brings about trust in a helping relationship. I have come to realise that being trustworthy does not demand that I be rigidly consistent but be dependably real (Rogers 1990a, pg 19). from my experience in counselling I have come to realise that congruence is imperative in a session because it makes it easier for a client to trust you. In Kenya there are forty two tribes with different culture, but still it will not hinder the therapist to be congruent because a client only needs trust and genuineness which makes them feel that they are I the right place and also they can get honest response from a counsellor. Mearns et al. (1988) says that in the person centred approaches, congruence dissolves the mysteriousness of the counsellor , and as with other core conditions it has its roots and equivalence in other cultural traditions as wisdom, mindfulness, active surrender ( Purton, 1994). Unconditional positive regard. Rogers describe this condition variously as unconditional acceptance, prizing, non- possessive, love and warmth. He adds that developmentally as humans, we have a need for unconditional positive regard and to have an internal self guard, (Rogers, 1959). Unconditional positive regard is important because it directly sabotages such conditions of worth; the counsellor values her client irrespective of the client conforming to conditions. I feel it is important for therapist to be clear about their own culture, both their culture of origin and their present culture and to be aware of the positive message about their culture especially if the therapist themselves had problems in growing and developing within their own culture. Villas- Rose Bowen (1984) says that in developing perspectives on unconditional positive regard, then we need to consider regard for self, others and culture itself. Empathic understanding Empathic understandings Rogers mostly referred to it is to sense the clients private world as if it were your own, but without ever losing the â€Å"as if† quality, (Rogers, 1957). In my opinion, the â€Å"as if† condition as Rogers proposes it, in his 1959 definition of empathy must in the first place be understood as the stressing of the necessity of being continuously aware that the experience and feeling that the therapist is trying to live into, do originate in the client and not in the therapist. (Vanderschot,1990 p. 290). personally think that empathy is the ability to stand very close to someone else to appreciate what it is like to be that other person in that other person in that other persons world. This never feels easy because it involves stepping out of your own frame works and trying to appreciate what it is to view ones culture through their eyes rather than your own. Concepts exposed in person centred approach. According to D†™ardenne et al. (1989) effective person centred counsellors are people who demonstrate the essential qualities of genuineness, non-possessiveness, warmth and empathy with the clients. Counsellors treat their clients with non-judgemental respect and hope to introduce practical ways in which this can be achieved across any cultural divide. I do find it rather easy and flowing when all those qualities mentioned above are applied in session and you find that it even makes a client to feel free to share his experience without any fear. Person centred is a means of meshing the symbolised (or symbolising) incongruence of the client with the congruence of the therapist. It is not appropriate process for people who are merely wishing to have education experience. Mearns et al. 2000). With different problems facing many sub- Saharan countries, people feel that they do need education to help them curb their problems, but unlike other counselling approaches as psychodynamic and gestalt which provides education, person centred approach tends to differ. I do agree with Mearns because people do not only need education which they feel will enable them get out of the problems they are facing but person centred emphasis is on working with the person to help him deal with the problem. Rogers, 1959) adds that person centred therapy simply does not work with clients who are experiencing incongruence in their living and wanting to change that incongruence. Person centred approach requires a level of acceptance which enable therapists to sustain themselves when clients attack them. I feel that this is highly vital because due to many problems that affect people in sub- Saharan Africa which in most cases have badly damaged their experience in life, they tend to relieve their anger and stresses, and even feeling to counsellors. The therapist should provide support to the affected clients and therefore the level of acceptance needs to be sufficiently robust to withstand the pain of relating to those who prove to be aggressive, demeaning or even contemptuous and hostile ( Mearns et al. 2000). According to Thorne (19910 person centred approaches start from the assumption that every living organism is driven by an â€Å"actualising tendency† an instinctive reflecting the desire to grow, develop and enhance one capacities to the fullest ( actualisation ). Mearns and Thorne (2000) states that this process of self actualisation is fraught with complexity and anxiety because the organismic self as essentially trustworthy and a unified whole of experiencing conflict within the developing self concept of the individual which distorts or denies experiences into awareness as it is heavily dependent on positive regard fro others. And as Thorne (1991) argues that gradually we learn to see ourselves as others ignoring our own inner experiencing. I personally feel that one cannot get to self actualisation without struggle and taking example of my country Kenya, many people do live below the poverty line and are ready to do anything just to be able to cater his basic needs and therefore instead of focussing in how to get out of the situation, he seeks refuge from others and even try to copy their lifestyle putting at the back of his mind what he is and hence ignoring our inner experience and views ourselves as others. Covey (1989) argues that in African society, we may have gained an incredible degree of outward success but inwardly individuals have divorced themselves from the roots and valuing process in serving the structure of capitalist society. Therefore this approach enables a person to work with the deeper need to actualise rather than depending on others. Rogers was fundamentally an optimist about human potential, arguing that ideally the actualising tendency refers to self actualisation where aspects of self and concepts are synonymous or congruent, ( Mearns and Thorne, 2000), this ideal human conditions is embroiled in the fully functioning persons who as Rogers ( 1959) state: â€Å"†¦ is open to experience , able to live existentially, is trusting in his or her own organism, experience feelings freely, acts independently, is active and lives an enriched life, he is in the process of being and becoming himself†¦. (p 192) Values exposed through person centred approach. The person centred point of view places high value on the experience of the individual human beings and or the importance of his or her subjective reality. It also challenges each person to accept responsibility of his or her own life, (Mearns et al. 1988). Rogers (1961) argues that the basic value in person centred approach is the conviction that personal e xperience is the highest authority. With all the problems and hardships being experienced in sub- Saharan Africa like the tribal clashes, sexual abuse, drought and hunger, poor governance, lack of medical expertise and medicines and many others which leads to introjections of other people’s value in order to gain positive regard. Problems later arise when they view these introjected values as their own. One goal of person centred approach is to reverse this pattern and help the client to select his or her own value (Thorne et al. 998). The coming into consciousness of the African Personality highlighted how African cultural values differed from those that were imposed upon them (Len-Holdstock, 2000). Person centred approach places the therapist in a paradoxical position, in that the therapist will never seek to guide the client to a particular value or gaol but to guide the client towards contact with his or her inner organismic self away from external value. In other word the therapist is actively trying to facilitate the client’s movement from the outer world of the conditions of worth into the inner world of the organismic valuing process. (Van Kalmthout, 1995). The concept of self is also exposed as a value in person centred approach because according to Rogers (1951) an acute concept of self is crucial for healthy development. In addition, Covey, (1989) states that modern society is characterised by pervasive wars, genocide, exploitation and general disenchantment, hence individuals are in battle with an inner craving for growth and development. Markus and Kitayama (1991) argues that psychological merit of attending to the self, appreciation of others difference from others and importance of asserting to self. I do agree with theme in sense that person centred approach brings out the need of self awareness which Rowen (1983) says is a state of consciousness where we are genuinely open to listen on all the levels, thus enabling one to become independent from others and discover and be able to express one’s unique attributes. Sub- Saharan countries people have suffered so much because of lack of awareness. In regard to the post election violence in Kenya two years ago, many got affected because they were not aware of repercussions of the violence to them and that they are used as a tool by our politicians, whom imposed their values on them hence acting on others values forgetting about their own values. Collier ( 1977 argues that Rogers boast of the essential equality of human beings claiming that every individual has the same forward moving humanity and capacity for happiness when one is true to one self. Effectiveness of person centred approach in sub-Saharan Africa Person centred approach mainly focuses on the well being of a person, mainly focussing on his personal feelings and being able to provide core conditions for a helping which in very vital because it encourages independence of a person, which African culture puts so much value in ones social connectedness. The growth of people in the African perspective as Owusun-Bempah and Howitt (2000) put it, is not individual, but it also involves the whole society and the wider aspects of such a society. The two add that the aim of the development of the self is the achievement of a truly social self through, the harmonious relations and the interdependence with others. Person centred approach do emphasise the autonomy of a client which in sub-Saharan Africa have sense of normal development where the individual becomes conscious of his own being, his duties, his privileges and responsible towards himself and toward others. An example is the case of human genocide that happened in Rwanda some years go, where their were ethical clashes between two tribes, but after the incident the citizens later realised that what they were doing was not actual right but out of other people orders hence when truth and reconciliation commissioner was formed they had to be made aware of their actions and also made to take responsibility of their actions as well. Am mazed by the effectiveness of this approach because it actual makes one come into reality of life and be able to see things in a different angle and all these he comes up with them without any education or being told what to do. This approach has enabled change, especially in the urban areas, however this is not to say that African traditional philosophy have been shelved. In essence, change as Shorter (1998) says may be radical but if seldom total. Clearly what we experience in Africa is general and specifically in Kenya is radical transformations but with con tinuities. Conclusion In many ways. I have realised that person centred philosophical roots are useful in sub- Saharan Africa because it echoes and has echoes in many cultural and religious traditions. The concepts, language, practice attitudes of person centred approach are familiar in many ways. The other important things are, i have come to appreciate the effectivessness of the core conditions which are necessary and sufficient in our cultural context. References Bozarth, J. and Temaner Brodley B. (1986). The core conditions and Theory of the person centred. Chicago; Praegers. Corey, G. (2001). Theory and Practice of counselling and Psychotherapy ( 6th Edn). Australia; Brooks/ Cole. Covey, S. R. (1989). The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People. London: WsBook- well. D’ardenne,P. and Mahtani,A. (1989) Transcultural Counselling in Action (2nd edt) (ed) Windy,D, Counselling in Action. London:Sage. Kirschenbaum, H. and Henderson, V. L. (1989). the Carl Rogers’s reader. London; British Library Press. Len Holdstock, T. (2000). Re-examining psychology: Critical Perspective and African Insight. London; Routledge. Markus, H. R. and Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion and Motivation psychological view. Mearns, D. and Thorne, B. (1988). Person centred Counselling in Action (2nd Edn). London; Sage Mearns, D. and Thorne, B. (2000). Person- centred therapy today. London; Sage Rogers, C. R. (1951). Client –centred Therapy: Its Current Practice, Implications and Theory. Boston; Houghton Mifflin. Rogers, C. R. (1967). 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